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How Safe Are Today’s Wrapped BTC Bridges?ni liFollowAug 26 · 13 min readThe question of the security of wrapped BTC bridges has been a simmering concern throughout the DeFi community for a long time. …
How Safe Are Today’s Wrapped BTC Bridges?ni liFollowAug 26 · 13 min readThe question of the security of wrapped BTC bridges has been a simmering concern throughout the DeFi community for a long time. Ethereum founder Vitalik Buterin himself highlighted the issue in a recent tweet:The comments under his post were filled with heated debate from members representing all different corners of Crypto Twitter. Various existing mainstream bridge solutions such as those from Republic Protocol (REN) and Wanchain (WAN) were brought up.From my research into secure cross-chain technology as part of my work at Wanchain, I have a good general understanding of various cross-chain BTC mechanisms. Lets take a look at just exactly how they work and why people use them:The How…The simplest and most straightforward understanding of BTC cross-chain bridges is that a user transfers “real” BTC to an address on the Bitcoin blockchain where it is locked. After this address receives the “real” BTC, it will mint a “fake” ERC20 BTC on Ethereum. This type of token is known as a mapping token or a “wrapped” token, and is freely usable as a representation of BTC on Ethereum. When going the other direction, the ERC20 BTC is burned (destroyed), and the locked BTC on Bitcoin is released. ERC20-based BTC tokens minted on Ethereum are prefixed with a symbol to indicate the protocol or organization behind the cross-chain bridge. For example, wanBTC, renBTC, sBTC, WBTC, tBTC, etc.The general process for moving BTC from its own native Bitcoin blockchain and back again is described by this simple 2-step process.The Why…In essence, when minting wrapped BTC, “real” BTC is exchanged for “fake” BTC. Some might ask, why would I want to use “fake” BTC?It comes down to technical requirements. The DeFi industry is now booming with billions of dollars flowing into lending, options, and other types of DeFi applications. The rate of its exponential increase is going faster and faster every day. However, this growth is primarily on the Ethereum blockchain. DeFi applications on Ethereum can only support ERC20 tokens, so BTC must be converted to the “fake” ERC20 version in order to be used for lending, borrowing, trading, etc. on all the latest and greatest hyped DeFi platforms out there. It is a legitimate use case. However, when wrapping BTC or other non-Ethereum assets to exist on the Ethereum blockchain, one must be especially careful about the mechanism used to wrap those assets.What Could Go Wrong?Now that we understand how wrapped BTC works and why people use it, let’s take a look at the potential dangers associated with this process. The fundamental danger with all wrapped BTC is the possibility that the “real” BTC on the Bitcoin blockchain could be unlocked and released to someone else, and leave token holders of the “fake” ERC20 BTC holding the bag. With the “real” BTC that that token was supposed to be used to redeem for now gone, the “fake” ERC20 BTC is now rendered worthless. The way in which this theft might happen wholly depends on the specific mechanism used for the cross-chain bridge that is used to bring BTC over to Ethereum or any other blockchain that has DeFi applications on it like Cosmos or Polkadot.Cross-chain Bridge TypesCentralized Custodial BridgeWith a custodial bridge, the address which BTC is sent to on Bitcoin is simply the address of an organization that promises that they will mint ERC20 BTC for you on Ethereum. In this solution, the person or organization managing the bridge must be trusted to hold the real BTC and not run away with it. The most prominent example of this model is the widely used ERC20 WBTC, which is solely and entirely backed by BitGo’s guarantee.Decentralized Smart Contract Managed BridgeOf course, in the world of blockchain and DeFi, many prefer decentralized, non-custodial solutions. Decentralized solutions are preferred and considered “safer” as they negate the need of a trusted third party (as is the case with BitGo in the WBTC model), and rather are directly managed by immutable smart contract logic.A few of the key technologies powering such solutions are secure multi-party computation (MPC) and the related technology of Threshold Signature Schemes (TSS).MPC is a cryptographic technique which allows for multiple participants to perform operations on a number of inputs without any participant revealing their own input to the group.TSS is a related cryptographic technique which allows for the MPC process to be completed as long as a certain threshold of participants join the process. For example, with 21 MPC participants and a TSS threshold of 15, as long as 15 or more of the participants join the process, the calculations will be performed successfully.Refer to this article from Wanchain’s Noah Maizels for a deeper dive into MPC and TSS with illustrative examples (specifically the varient of TSS known as Shamir’s Secret Sharing).MPC and TSS Applied to Cross-chain BridgesMany of the MPC / TSS implementations used by cross-chain projects / protocols are derived from the classic paper Robust Threshold DSS Signatures by Rosario Gennaro, Stanisław Jarecki, Hugo Krawczyk and Tal Rabin published in 1996.Unfortunately the principles described in this paper are often used directly by cross-chain projects without modification or innovation in their implementations of MPC / TSS.Wanchain introduced its implementation of MPC / TSS in its first cross-chain bridge between BTC and Wanchain all the way back in 2017. Our implementation of it drew heavily from the 1996 Gennaro paper, while also introducing an innovative algorithm which reduces the number of interactions in the MPC calculation process.An important concept in the application of MPC technology to cross-chain bridges is the relationship between the individual private key of each participating MPC node and the group private key of the whole node set.The group private key is the key which is used to control the MPC-managed locked account where the BTC is held on the native Bitcoin blockchain. Any holder of this key has full control over all assets in that account.However, no individual is ever meant to hold this key. Rather, a group of nodes work together to generate the group private key through the MPC mechanism described by Gennaro in 1996. This group private key is generated when each participating MPC node contributes their own individual private key. TSS is applied through this process to ensure that even if a few nodes are offline or deliberately choose not to participate, the process will complete as long as more than some threshold number of nodes participate. Therefore, the entire mechanism is highly fault-tolerant, and even if individual MPC nodes are malicious, it will not affect the protocol operation.Re-groupingWhile MPC allows for a group of nodes to operate a locked BTC account without any individual node holding the private key themselves, there still exists the possibility that the threshold number of MPC participants may collude to work together in order to steal the locked BTC. Node regrouping, or “churning,” is a common tactic used to reduce the possibility of node collusion. Regrouping is a technique where the nodes that comprise the MPC group that manages the locked account are periodically shuffled, so that no one same group of nodes manages the locked account for a long period of time. This shuffling makes it much more difficult for participants to identify and collude with each other.Of course, since the group private key is derived from a combination of all participating node’s individual private keys, every time a new group is formed, a new group private key and associated locked account are necessarily generated by protocol design.MPC & TSS in renBTC’s Cross-chain BridgeLet’s take a look at how the increasingly popular renBTC uses MPC and TSS in their cross-chain bridge. According to their technical white paper, their approach is also based on the aforementioned Robust Threshold DSS Signatures paper.On their website and official documentation, they emphasize that the management of cross-chain BTC accounts is done by a group of “dark nodes” using MPC and TSS (specifically, Shamir’s Secret Sharing), and the members of this group of “dark nodes” are periodically regrouped.Paradoxically, we found that the Bitcoin address provided by renBTC that users transfer their real BTC to for locking has not changed since the first day it went online.The process to generate renBTC is as follows. First, the user transfers BTC to a one-time address. See Figure 1 below.Figure 1Then, from that one-time address, the user sends their BTC to the locked account. See Figure 2 below.However, that locked account has never changed. As you can see in the figure below, it is a honey pot of nearly 9,000 BTC.Figure 2According to Gennaro logic, if the account address is really generated by MPC, and the dark nodes involved in account management really churn, then the account address must also be updated periodically. That’s how MPC works.Thus, there is a contradiction between the observed facts of the renBTC bridge implementation and the described technology in the documentation. This difference seems to indicate that the renBTC bridge does not in fact use the model as described in the technical white paper.We thereby doubt whether the locked BTC address was in fact generated using MPC. After a review of the code on GitHub and various technical documents, we were unable to find an explanation for this apparent contradiction.More Questions About the Cross-Chain ImplementationWe present these concerns about the implementation of renBTC because there are now nearly $100 million of BTC in what could potentially be a centralized storage locker. However, the problems with REN do not end there. The ECDSA threshold signature scheme adopted by renBTC does not set a secure enough threshold for their TSS scheme.Their TSS scheme is defined as so:n is the total number of participantst is the threshold number of nodes which may be malicious before compromising the security of the schemeFor example, if the t threshold is set at 15:In other words, under this scheme, only about a third of participants (15 out of 46) are needed to conspire in order to behave maliciously and steal the locked BTC under managment of the group.Such a low threshold is dangerous. The Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) consensus mechanism has been similarly criticized within the industry as its security also fails with a third or more malicious participants.The TSS scheme of renBTC therefore poses some concerning security risks.Finally, we have one more concern to raise about the cross-chain process used to generate renBTC. According to the introduction of the REN technical white paper, during the establishment of its BTC account, “dark nodes” complete data interaction through a private chain, and the interaction data is encrypted, and its validity is determined by a zero knowledge proof guarantee. Therefore, whether the final individual private key is correct depends entirely on this zero-knowledge proof.So how to construct this zero-knowledge proof?The REN technical white paper does not give a specific implementation method, nor does it give relevant references, and there is no relevant code implementation on their GitHub. While their description is chock full of cryptographic terms, it is in fact lacking in the specific details which would allow one to judge the security of the mentioned zero knowledge proof:As I have stated above, our research team has cause for concern in regards to the execution of nearly all that is described above.A Few Final Thoughts…This year, especially in the last couple of months, the DeFi phenomena has grown into a massive movement. The types of applications and the total value locked in DeFi protocols has grown exponentially.Although some may cry “bubble”, the eye watering valuations are actually being driven by truly innovative products, and not just empty promises. However, as DeFi business applications flourish, core blockchain technologies, such as secure and decentralized cross-chain technology, have kept pace. The purpose of this article is not to single out REN in particular, but rather to ignite rational discussion about issues of security within the world of cross-chain DeFi.First, what level of compromise between the products described in a white paper and the actual implementation are acceptable?Second, for projects such as Ren that have not yet revealed their source code, what level of detail should we demand in their documentation? Are general references to engineering approaches acceptable, or should we demand specific implementation details?In the first ICO boom, we saw far too many projects which rose to incredibly high valuations based on a white paper and a slick story alone. The entire industry, including each of us individually, was more or less a victim.With that collective experience in hindsight, let’s make sure not to make the same mistakes twice. Let’s cut down on the technical mumbo jumbo, exaggeration, and hand waving, and focus on building practical solutions grounded in strong theoretical principles.Wanchain’s decentralized and trustless wanBTC is scheduled to launch on Ethereum in Q3 / Q4 of this year, and we welcome the community’s evaluation of it. We look forward to presenting more details about its implementation soon.Authors:Li Ni, Dr. Guo ZhongzhongWith contributions from:Guo Wu, Noah Maizels, Nicholas KrapelsCited Works:[1] Rosario Gennaro and Steven Goldfeder. “Fast Multiparty Threshold ECDSA with Fast Trustless Setup”. English. In: ACM, 2018, pp. 1179–1194. isbn: 9781450356930;1450356931;[2] Rosario Gennaro, Steven Goldfeder, and Arvind Narayanan. “ThresholdOptimal DSA/ECDSA Signatures and an Application to Bitcoin Wallet Security”. In: Applied Cryptography and Network Security. Ed. by Mark Manulis, Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi, and Steve Schneider. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp. 156–174. isbn: 978–3–319–39555–5.[3] Rosario Gennaro et al. “Robust Threshold DSS Signatures”. In: Advances in Cryptology — EUROCRYPT ’96. Ed. by Ueli Maurer. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996, pp. 354–371. isbn: 978–3–540–68339–1.[4] Philip MacKenzie and Michael K. Reiter. “Two-party generation of DSA signatures”. In: International Journal of Information Security 2.3 (Aug.
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Filed under: Hype man of the century When Chinese millionaire Justin Sun acquired BitTorrent, was he trying to skirt the trade war? Or fly right in the face of it, no matter the cost? By Sep 29, …
Filed under: Hype man of the century When Chinese millionaire Justin Sun acquired BitTorrent, was he trying to skirt the trade war? Or fly right in the face of it, no matter the cost? By Sep 29, 2020, 10:00am EDT Illustrations by Alex Castro If Silicon Valley operated under the idea that companies should move fast and break things, then BitTorrent had become an exception. Employees enjoyed patiently tinkering with creative projects and going home at a reasonable time, free from the tyranny of startup culture. The company was founded in
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About Me Bitcoin kasino 400 perlumbaan Bitcoin kasino 400 perlumbaan BTC staged a steady recovery from $170 on Jan, bitcoin kasino 400 …
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Token sales currencies: Ether (ETH), Bitcoin (XBT), Bitcoin Cash (BCH) Minimum sales target incl. pre sale: equivalent of EUR 1,000,000 Maximum purchase amount per buyer: equivalent of EUR 3,000,000 …
Token sales currencies: Ether (ETH), Bitcoin (XBT), Bitcoin Cash (BCH) Minimum sales target incl. pre sale: equivalent of EUR 1,000,000 Maximum purchase amount per buyer: equivalent of EUR 3,000,000 10% discount for the first 5,000,000 GBX Tokens sold 5% discount for the next 10,000,000 GBX Tokens sold Globitex ICO introduces a digital currency exchange allowing everyone to trade commodities and money market instruments for Bitcoin. Through funds raised from the ICO, the existing Globitex institutional grade Bitcoin exchange, will scale into a global spot and derivatives trading venue. It will allow producers to purchase exchange listed products for Bitcoin, and trading firms and speculators to hedge their risks in Bitcoin with derivatives trading. This will therefore increase the use cases for Bitcoin as a medium of exchange and ultimately establish Bitcoin as a unit of account suitable for global trade, with no geographic, political or monetary restrictions. Globitex will launch various major fiat and cryptocurrency pairs other than Bitcoin-Euro; thereby expanding the Bitcoin-FX order
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The financial sector has taken several beatings over the past few decades. As a result of this economic instability, a lot of consumers and investors have put some money into hedge fund offerings. …
The financial sector has taken several beatings over the past few decades. As a result of this economic instability, a lot of consumers and investors have put some money into hedge fund offerings. Unfortunately, not all of these schemes end on a positive note, and quite a few of them have come to an end prematurely. Any investment is risky, and hedge funds are no different in that regard. One of the main concerns regarding hedge fund operations is whether or not they are legitimate. Israel’s Bayou Group has gotten a lot of attention in
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The Economist: "Get Ready For A World Currency By 2018"Get Ready for the Phoenix - January
The Economist: "Get Ready For A World Currency By 2018"Get Ready for the Phoenix - January
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BTC SessionsBy Ben PerrinBTC Sessions is the easiest way to get your daily dose of Bitcoin news in 30 minutes or less! Starting in undefined…00:0026:321xMassive Hedge Fund Buys Bitcoin, $1M Possible: …
BTC SessionsBy Ben PerrinBTC Sessions is the easiest way to get your daily dose of Bitcoin news in 30 minutes or less! Starting in undefined…00:0026:321xMassive Hedge Fund Buys Bitcoin, $1M Possible: Raoul Pal, Alts Failing EP055SUPPORT THE SHOW: MY ALL-ENCOMPASSING GUIDE TO GETTING STARTED WITH BITCOIN ada Buy Bitcoin in Canada on Coinberry and get $20 after your first $50 purchase https://app.coinberry.com/invite/c5d52730857 NordVPN helps with your internet privacy – Get 70% off https://nordvpn.org/btcsessions LEDN offers Bitcoin backed loans – Sign up and get $50 free https://platform.ledn.io/join/0a00cca3dd61dea5909c95cd41f41685 Get the Ledger Backup Pack – Includes Ledger Nano X & S https://shop.ledger.com/products/ledger-backup-pack?r=faca Coldcard Bitcoin Hardware Wallet – Get 5% off https://t.co/UIEiV9vnto?amp=1 Get Wasabi wallet and enjoy your privacy https://wasabiwallet.io/ Join my Telegram channel! https://t.me/btc_sessions If you value my work and would like to send me a tip, they are always appreciated! LIGHTNING tips: https://tippin.me/@BTCsessions SHOW RESOURCES: Raoul Pal says $1M Bitcoin more likely now ely-than-ever-raoul-pal Tudor Investment Corp (a $38B hedge fund) is buying Bitcoin 5-1029179495 Top Bitfinex trader goes dark after losing $20M shorting Bitcoin hes-gone Gain exposure to Bitcoin dominance with derivatives ing-exposure-to-bitcoin-dominance Bitcoin profitable for 95% of existence. Altcoins… not so much. existence/ Square’s Cashapp Bitcoin revenues way up -revenues-for-first-time-in-q1 Bitcoin further decouples from stock market n-on-stock-market-correlation/ My blog for getting started with Bitcoin ada26:32May 8, 2020At $288K BTC Plan B Goes Dark, Wasabi Mobile, Justin Sun Gets $2M Relief Grant EP054SUPPORT THE SHOW: Visit LEDN to check out getting a bitcoin-backed loan https://platform.ledn.io/join/0a00cca3dd61dea5909c95cd41f41685 Get NORDVPN to protect your online privacy. 75% off a 3 year https://nordvpn.org/btcsessions Get Wasabi wallet and enjoy your privacy https://wasabiwallet.io/ Wasabi Tutorial https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECQHAzSckK0 Check out my website for private
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Trouble Signing in? No Account Yet? Step 1: Open the email in your inbox. Step 2: Click on the link in the email. Step 3: Continue to reset your password on FHM.com.ph. Earlier this week, we …
Trouble Signing in? No Account Yet? Step 1: Open the email in your inbox. Step 2: Click on the link in the email. Step 3: Continue to reset your password on FHM.com.ph. Earlier this week, we predicted your sexual future for this year. Now, lets take a look at your Chinese Zodiac to see whats in store for your financial life. It may be a dogs world this 2018, but are those born under that sign lucky enough to bring home the bacon? DogYears 1922, 1934, 1946, 1958, 1970, 1982, 1994, 2006, and 2018Your sign is ready to take on the oozing energy of your year. In terms of money, opportunities to make some will be abundant. And becauseyour finances get easier this 2018, youll tend to spend more and save less. Watching your money work for you is so prideful for a dog, that you may get a little addicted to it, Horoscope.comsays. Now that you know this, don't forget to save up foryour future by controlling your spending!PigYears 1923, 1935, 1947, 1959, 1971, 1983, 1995, 200, and 2019Bitcoins, mutual funds, stocks? Its a good time to learn something new this 2018. Your sign is determined to master everything about money and investingtake advantage of it. By the last quarter of 2018, get ready to reap the rewards of these financial risks. Balato!RatYears 1912, 1924, 1936, 1948, 1960, 1972, 1984, 1996, and 2008Rats are also financially lucky this year. Hard work will pay off around July. That month is also the best time to ask for a raise, promotion, or both.Putyour endless drive to use toachievesome of your larger goals (A new car? House and lot, maybe?) this year.OxYears 1913, 1925, 1937, 1949, 1961, 1973, 1985, 1997, and 2009Just like the Pig, 2018 is also a great time for theOx tostart investing their hard-earned dough. Take risks, but keep your wealth liquid. A word of caution: lending money to friends is a bad idea. Just keep the funds to yourself.TigerYears 1914, 1926, 1938, 1950, 1962, 1974, 1986, 1998, and 2010When it comes to cash, the Tiger tends to get lost. This year is different, though, because since the year of the Dog is slower than usual, youll finally have enough time to fix your financial lifetaxes, bills, etc. 2018 is also the best year for you to plan for your financial future. For one, if youre an aspiring businessman, its a great time to launch a new endeavor!RabbitYears 1915, 1927, 1939, 1951, 1963, 1975, 1987, 1999, and 2011Your financial situation will get a boost from the Dog, and you will see your funds grow. Youll be invited to invest in something biggo all in and watch your money work for you. Those already employed will find that 2018 will be slow for their career. Dont fret, because others will see how hard you work.DragonYears 1916, 1928, 1940, 1952, 1964, 1976, 1988, 2000, and 2012Since the Dragon and the Dog dont normally get along, this may be ataxing year for you. Speaking of difficulty, you might face a financial crisis in the future, so its best to startsaving for it ASAP. Though financial literacy bores the hell out of you, planning (and again, saving) for your future is a necessity. Start now.SnakeYears 1917, 1929, 1941, 1953, 1965, 1977, 1989, 2001, and 2013Hopefully, you can muster up the integrity needed for paying all your utang. If you do, congratulations! Now that you dont owe anyone money, its time to start saving up. Once you've saved enough, the next step is to make that money grow. And just like the other signs, 2018 is a good year for the Snake to pmake your money move.HorseYears 1918, 1930, 1942, 1954, 1966, 1978, 1990, 2002, and 2014The expression workhorse was coined with the sign of the Horse in mind because of your commendable work ethic. If you feel like youre not getting paid enough, dont be afraid to ask for more. 2018 is also the best time to put up a business. Make sure to consult a financial advisor first.SheepYears 1919, 1931, 1943, 1955, 1967, 1979, 1991,
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BTC SessionsBy Ben PerrinBTC Sessions is the easiest way to get your daily dose of Bitcoin news in 30 minutes or less! Starting in undefined…00:0017:311xAt $288K BTC Plan B Goes Dark, Wasabi Mobile, …
BTC SessionsBy Ben PerrinBTC Sessions is the easiest way to get your daily dose of Bitcoin news in 30 minutes or less! Starting in undefined…00:0017:311xAt $288K BTC Plan B Goes Dark, Wasabi Mobile, Justin Sun Gets $2M Relief Grant EP054SUPPORT THE SHOW: Visit LEDN to check out getting a bitcoin-backed loan https://platform.ledn.io/join/0a00cca3dd61dea5909c95cd41f41685 Get NORDVPN to protect your online privacy. 75% off a 3 year https://nordvpn.org/btcsessions Get Wasabi wallet and enjoy your privacy https://wasabiwallet.io/ Wasabi Tutorial https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ECQHAzSckK0 Check out my website for private
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Home/Magazine Archive/July 2017 (Vol. 60, No. 7)/Cryptovirology: The Birth, Neglect, and Explosion.../Full Text Privacy and security Cryptovirology: The Birth, Neglect, and Explosion of Ransomware By …
Home/Magazine Archive/July 2017 (Vol. 60, No. 7)/Cryptovirology: The Birth, Neglect, and Explosion.../Full Text Privacy and security Cryptovirology: The Birth, Neglect, and Explosion of Ransomware By Adam L. Young, Moti Yung Communications of the ACM, Vol. 60 No. 7, Pages 24-26 10.1145/3097347 Comments View as: Print Mobile App ACM Digital Library Full Text (PDF) In the Digital Edition Share: Send by email Share on reddit Share on StumbleUpon Share on Tweeter Share on Facebook Share Credit: Alicia Kubista / Andrij Borys Associates Cryptovirology was born out of scientific curiosity of what the future may hold for software attacks that merge cryptographic technology with malware. It started at Columbia University as a natural by-product of an unnatural union: a former hacker placed in a room with a cryptographer, both given ample time with which to contemplate the dystopia of tomorrow. Collectively, given our backgrounds, we had amassed a body of highly unconventional scientific problems that hackers face when infiltrating computer systems as well as the foundational cryptography with which to solve those problems. Our list of problems included the following question: How devastating could the most insidious malicious software attack be against a target? To put things in perspective this was circa 1995. Many people had not heard of the Internet, and among those that did, many were obtaining an email address for the first time. The typical home computer was not online all the time. Users had to use dial-up modems when they wanted to check email. USB technology did not exist. 3.5-inch floppy disks were the norm. Cryptography, for millennia, had been perceived as a purely protective technology, and in particular as a way to hide the content of messages, secure data at rest, and authenticate users. On the one hand we were aware of the failed AIDS Information Trojan that scrambled the names of the victim's files using a symmetric key and demanded a ransom to unscramble them. From a technological perspective this attack crumbled since the decryption key could be extracted from the code of the Trojan. In addition, we had in mind the grotesque vision of H.R. Giger in the science-fiction movie Alien.5 Of particular interest to us was the alien facehugger. This creature resembled a cross between an insect and an octopus. It would wrap its legs around the victim's face and insert a tube down the victim's throat. It wrapped its long tail around the victim's neck and squeezed. The victim would enter a form of coma, while the egg the face-hugger implanted into the abdomen would incubate into a drone (or queen) and burst through the stomach of the victim, thus completing a phase of the alien life cycle. There was no way to safely remove the facehugger once attached. Touching the facehugger caused it to tighten its tail and restrict the flow of air to the lungs. Cutting it caused its corrosive alien blood to bleed out and disintegrate everything it seeped through (including the floors of the spaceship). Try as they did the crew's scientists could not find a way to safely remove facehuggers from their victims. The AIDS Trojan and the facehugger idea defined in our minds the "where we are now" versus where malicious software attacks might evolve to, respectively. We sought a digital analogue of the facehugger, namely, a forced symbiotic relationship between a computer virus and its host where removing the virus is more damaging than leaving it in place. But what we discovered was not exactly that which we sought. We discovered the first secure data kidnapping attack. We called it cryptoviral extortion. In cryptoviral extortion, the attacker generates a key pair for a public key cryptosystem and places the "public encryption key" in the cryptovirus. The corresponding "private decryption key" is kept private. The crypto-virus spreads and infects many host systems. It attacks the host system by hybrid encrypting the victim's files: encrypting the files with a locally generated random symmetric key and encrypting that key with the public key. It zeroizes the symmetric key and plain-text and then puts up a ransom note containing the asymmetric ciphertext and a means to contact the attacker. The victim sends the payment and the asymmetric ciphertext to the attacker. The attacker receives the payment, decrypts the asymmetric ciphertext with his private key, and sends the recovered symmetric key to the victim. The victim deciphers his files with the symmetric key. At no point is the private key revealed to the victims. Only the attacker can decrypt the asymmetric ciphertext. Furthermore, the symmetric key that a victim receives is of no use to other victims since it was randomly generated. We presented this attack along with the facehugger analogy at the 1996 IEEE Security and Privacy conference.8 The discovery was perceived as being simultaneously innovative and somewhat vulgar. Years later, the media relabeled the cryptoviral extortion attack as ransomware. In the conference paper we proposed that electronic money could be extorted by the attacker. This is what happens today using bitcoin. We have observed that what we described over 20 years ago is the exact "business model" used today in an estimated $1 billion-a-year criminal industry: the industry of ransomware. We discovered that public key cryptography holds the power to break the symmetry between the view of an antivirus analyst and the view of the attacker. The view of the antivirus analyst is the malware code and the public key it contains. The view of the attacker is the malware code, the public key it contains, and the corresponding private key. The malware can perform trapdoor one-way operations on the victim's machine that only the attacker can undo. A multitude of cryptovirology attacks, both overt and covert in nature, are based on the unique advantage this gives to the attacker. These methods weaponize cryptography as an attack tool as opposed to the previous uses that were defensive in nature. In our
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![Congressional Carnival [S1E1]: If the US Senate Gets Their Way, Carrying Cash Will Be Illegal](/images/thumbs/192/8ad71d1c4373b93e4c9c8da2df91f.jpg)
What do you need to carry bulks of cash around for when you could put your cash in your bank and use your bank card to access it no matter where you are in the world? The Congress shall have Power …
What do you need to carry bulks of cash around for when you could put your cash in your bank and use your bank card to access it no matter where you are in the world? The Congress shall have Power [...] To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States; Art. 1, Sect. 8 grants the Federal Congress the capacity for coining money, regulating value of it and foreign coin, while allowing for federal punishment of counterfeiters. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility [...] Art. 1, Sect. 10 prohibits the individual states from coining money and making laws about paying debts with anything other than gold and silver coins. The federal government was supposed to create tender in silver and gold. The states were prohibited from making laws allowing debts to be paid in anything but the federally minted gold and silver tender. In essence, when big banking sunk its greedy teeth into the US government (Federal Reserve Act of 1913), under the guise of stabilizing the economy, what really happened was the slow erosion of the Constitutional mandate for hard currency in the form of gold and silver tender/coin. One of the first things (1914) that the Fed did was issue "$10 Federal Reserve Notes" and then in 1918 they issued "Large Denomination" Federal Reserve Notes (these notes were discontinued in 1969). (Side Note: While the Federal Reserve was creating it's first tender, we were also fighting in World War I.) The Great Depression hit in 1929. The result was economic chaos. By 1933, citizens had lost faith in the banking system. Rather than face the music in regards to the shady business practices that led up to the Great Depression and the subsequent Banking Crisis, the US Congress gave the president "emergency" banking powers (1934). The president used these powers to illegalize the use of gold and gold certificates. The US Treasury was told not to exchange dollars for gold. This is the moment that federal reserve notes (dollars) became the only legal tender for contracts, and thus debts. So, you see, there is no Constitutional basis for dollars. It turns out that gold and silver are fucking heavy. That's why we've historically used representative slips of paper and determined that banks were decent places to stash our collections of precious metals. But, the Great Depression and the Banking Crisis showed the people that the greedy banksters were not trustworthy. Their predatory lending practices had led to an economic disaster and the smart citizens literally ran to the bank to get their property back. In 2001, after the World Trade Center towers were destroyed, Congress approved emergency legislation that eroded civil liberties in the name of the War on Terror. The Homeland Security Act of 2002 included banking as part of the "critical infrastructure" of the United States. By
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Harmony creates an open market for the decentralised economy. The project aims at providing a consensus protocol over the open Internet at 10 million transactions per second with 100-milliseconds …
Harmony creates an open market for the decentralised economy. The project aims at providing a consensus protocol over the open Internet at 10 million transactions per second with 100-milliseconds latency and not more than 0.1% fee.- Currency: USD paid in ETH at the moment of sale;- Total tokens: 21,000,000,000;- Available for token sale: ТВА;- Token price: ТВА;- ICO plans to raise funds: as of today it is known that it is planned to raise USD 2,000,000 at seed round;- Sales t&c: 40% bonus for seed round, 20% bonus for private sale, 0% bonus for public sale;Token allocation20% for sale, 40% for developers and community, 28% for foundation and research, 12% for founder and team.Token freeze Sales — «40% no lockup, 10% monthly over 6 months; for bonus, 100% release after 1-year lockup»; Developers and community — «1-year 28% lockup, 1.5% monthly over 4 years»; Foundation and research — «28% no lockup, 1.0% monthly over 6 years»; Founder and team — «1-year 28% lockup, 2% monthly over 3 years».As you can see the token freeze system is rather sustainable and fundamental.Token release: immediately, as soon as listed on crypto exchanges.Investors | Partners |Roadmap | Token economy | Token saleNo information is available about those things as of this stage.As the developers noted, the main competitors for this project are:EOS, Zilliqa, Hashgraph, Thunder, Dfinity, Solana, Kadena, Algorand.In GitHub of the project there is 1 repository with the project description, as well as brief description of a new language for smart contracts. GitHub of the project is not empty, but it is clear that the project is an a very early stage of implementation, and it is not improbable (it is most probable) that the main activity is done in closed repositories.The project presents a system for information transfer and storage, based on the newest and the most perspective developments in the area of distributed systems and telecommunications.1. Network transport level — the use of Google UDP instead of TCP/IP will enable to reduce the time to establish connection between the network nodes.2. Adaptability for the latest 5G mobile communication network (http://www.huawei.com/minisite/5g/en/defining-5g.html)3. Scalability via sharding (OmniLedger)4. 10М tps throughput5. Shards interaction on the basis of DAG principle6. Blocks parallelising7. Oracles support8. Development of DApps with the use of formal verification method (a mathematic proof of application functions) to enable the development of highly protected applications.
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Tim Berners Lee: inventor of the World Wide Web British computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. He made a proposal for an information management system in March 1989, …
Tim Berners Lee: inventor of the World Wide Web British computer scientist, best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. He made a proposal for an information management system in March 1989, and implemented the first successful communication between a Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) client and server via the Internet later that year. Berners-Lee is the director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), which oversees the Web's continued development, and founder of the World Wide Web Foundation. Robert Cailliau: developer of the first Mac web browser A Belgian informatics engineer and computer scientist who worked with Tim Berners-Lee to develop the World Wide Web. Cailliau worked at CERN from 1974 until he retired in 2007. He helped to develop the first web browser for the Mac OS operating system called MacWWW, and also started the Web for Schools project with the European Commission, introducing the web as a resource for education. Vint Cerf: developer of the first commercial email system Recognised as one of the fathers of the Internet", Vint Cerf was instrumental in the development of the first commercial email system connected to the Internet. He also helped to form of ICANN (the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers), which is responsible for the coordination of the global Internet's address system. Cerf has worked for Google as a Vice President and Chief Internet Evangelist since October 2005. Marc Andreessen: creator of the first web browser Best known as co-author of Mosaic, the first widely used web browser, Marc Andreessen is an American entrepreneur, investor and software engineer. Together with Eric Bina he also co-founded Netscape, the company responsible for Netscape Navigator, which was the dominant web browser in the 1990s. Andreessen now sits on the board of directors of Facebook, eBay and HP, and his venture capital firm, Andreessen Horowitz, has invested in Facebook, Foursquare, Pinterest and Twitter. Arthur C Clarke: web visionary British science fiction writer best known for co-writing of the screenplay for the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey, Clarke was also the first person to propose a satellite communication system. He contributed to the popularity of the idea that geostationary satellites would be ideal telecommunications relays, and foresaw a future of ubiquitous, internet-enabled, personal computers. James Gosling: inventor of the Java programming language A Canadian computer scientist, Gosling is generally credited with having invented the Java programming language, which is one of the most popular programming languages in use for web applications, with a reported
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Or are they ex-billionaires? Or...? In 2016, Tyler Winklevoss, one half of the infamous Winklevoss twins who may be the world's first bitcoin billionaires, told The Financial Times, We see bitcoin as …
Or are they ex-billionaires? Or...? In 2016, Tyler Winklevoss, one half of the infamous Winklevoss twins who may be the world's first bitcoin billionaires, told The Financial Times, We see bitcoin as potentially the greatest social network of all." *Sigh* As the urban legend goes, identical twins Tyler and Cameron Winklevoss first met Chairman, CEO and creator of Facebook Mark Zuckerberg in
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In Indiranagar, a posh neighbourhood in Bengaluru dotted with upscale pubs and theme restaurants, is an eatery that serves Maharashtrian cuisine. It is not big and if you don’t look closely, you …
In Indiranagar, a posh neighbourhood in Bengaluru dotted with upscale pubs and theme restaurants, is an eatery that serves Maharashtrian cuisine. It is not big and if you don’t look closely, you might miss Suryawanshi Restaurant. The Misal Pav and Mutton Thaali at Suryawanshi get due credit from food lovers. But what most Bengalurians, fintech gurus and startup junkies, including FactorDaily, seem to have missed is the fact that it happens to be the first restaurant in the city — and, likely, in all of India — that accepts Bitcoins in payment. “We started accepting Bitcoins almost a year ago,” Kailash Suryawanshi, the owner of Suryawanshi restaurant told FactorDaily. It accepts payment through Bitcoin wallets like Coinsecure, Unocoin or Zebpay “We started accepting Bitcoins almost a year ago,” Kailash Suryawanshi, said the owner of Suryawanshi restaurant. It accepts payment through Bitcoin wallets like Coinsecure, Unocoin or Zebpay The restaurant came to our notice when Pravin Jadhav, chief product and growth officer, Servify, recently posted the picture of a “Bitcoins accepted here” sticker at the restaurant on Twitter. “I’m not a tech savvy person at all. I’m the opposite,” said Suryawanshi. But then, how did Bitcoins happen? “A friend of mine introduced me to it. I bought a lot of Bitcoins last year when it was priced around Rs 35,000,” said Suryawanshi, a Marathi businessman who now runs two of these eateries in the city. When his quest to find authentic Marathi food failed, he decided to start a restaurant of his own in 2013. Besides the Indiranagar outlet, Suryawanshi operates another one in Whitefield with a full kitchen. The Indiranagar restaurant was opened because he realised there was a scarcity of good Marathi cuisine in the area. “Not a single person has paid in Bitcoins until now” — Suryawanshi For all the geek cred that Bengaluru boasts of, Suryawanshi’s little experiment hasn’t found many takers yet. “Not a single person has paid in Bitcoins until now,” said Suryawanshi, who has been in Bengaluru since
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