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With the announcement of Libra, cryptocurrency has entered the bigleagues.Facebooks entry into the cryptocurrency market means every single company now has to take cryptocurrency seriously. Companies around the world are now considering their cryptocurrency strategy.This is not a repeat of the corporate circle-jerks of 2015 and 2017. Then companies played with the idea of having a blockchain strategy. Blockchain was the buzzword du jour and companies indulged their innovation departments in building toys that never saw the light of day as actual products.This time could not be more different. Facebook has hammered the final nail in the coffin of blockchain not Bitcoin.Facebook has taken blockchain seriously. They understand that the technology isnt cool. Whats cool are the unprecedented products that technology can be used to create: digital cash, new currencies and programmatic money.Every business ever has sought to make money. Now, one of the biggest businesses in the world, has decided to dispense with the middle steps and go straight to the making moneypart.Why, the crypto-pundits have been asking, do they need a blockchain for this? Libra, after all, will be permissioned. They could have just used a database.The answer issimple.Even Facebook could not create this product without the (albeit limited) decentralization that blockchain affords. Facebook needs blockchain for this for the same reason any cryptocurrency needs blockchain. The only central actors that are allowed to issue money are regulated financial institutions. They need to be regulated anywhere that money is issued andused.That is hundreds of different jurisdictions with thousands of different regulations. Blockchains are protocols that create money and transact money in the form of cryptographic proofs. They are unregulated for the same reason peer-to-peer encryption is unregulated:They are too abstract.The combination of decentralized governance and value that results from solving mathematical problems means that regulators even define laws that would be limited enough in scope to make sense and broad enough to be effective.They have tried to regulate cryptography and encryption many times and always failed. Up until now that was a curious fact that polite society had agreed to mostly ignore, sometimes with a derisive chuckle. From now on, it is a fact of business that serious-minded executives need tomaster.Master it they will, and Facebook has laid out the playbook:Decentralize as much as is necessary but nomoreProvide a token of stable value so that it can be used reliably incommerceLeverage your existing ecosystem to gainusersDo these things and you a whole world of profiting from seigniorage opens before you. Build loyalty that goes beyond just brand and product to the very means of paying for those products.Collect data previously unheard of, and attribute purchasing behaviour to marketing in ways never before possible. Tax every transaction or the interest earned on funds held as reserves. And if you play your cards right, maybe even create money out of thinair.The big leagues attract the big players. Banks, technology companies, giant retailers, telcos, now have no choice but to enter this game. The world will not sit idly by and let Facebook own this new, phenomenal market opportunity. A thousand stablecoins arecoming.Starbucks will let you buy your venti with Star Bucks. Verizon and AT&T will issue money as mobile and smart as the device already in your pocket. Juul will give you discounts if you pay in Jems. The city of Venice will make tourists pay for the burden they have become in, what else,Ducats.Sure, many of these products will have the same fate as Pets.com. Most products fail. So what? Money is a product now, and if there is one thing every business wants to do, its efLibra is only Round One. Heres what comes next. was originally published in Hacker Noon on Medium, where people are continuing the conversation by highlighting and responding to this story.

Facebooks Cryptocurrency Is a Nail in the Coffin for Blockchain Not Bitcoin...ShareEdan Yago is the founder of CementDAO, an effort to bring together stablecoins into a unified ecosystem. The views expressed here are his own.With the announcement of Libra, cryptocurrency has .Facebooks entry into this market means every single company now has to take cryptocurrency seriously. Companies around the world are now considering their cryptocurrency strategy.This is not a repeat of the corporate circle-jerks of 2015 and 2017. Then, companies played with the idea of having a blockchain strategy. Blockchain was a buzzword and companies indulged their innovation departments in building toys that never saw the light of day as actual products. This time could not be more different. Facebook has hammered the final nail in the coffin of .Facebook has taken blockchain seriously. They understand that the technology isnt cool. Whats cool are the unprecedented products that technology can be used to create: digital cash, new currencies and programmatic money. Every business ever has sought to make money.Now, one of the biggest businesses in the world, has decided to dispense with the middle steps and go straight to the making money part.Why, the crypto pundits have been asking, Do they need a blockchain for this? Libra, after all,. They could have just used a database.The answer is simple. Even Facebook could not create this product without the (albeit limited) decentralization that blockchain affords. Facebook needs blockchain for this for the same reason any cryptocurrency needs blockchain. The only central actors that are allowed to issue money are regulated financial institutions. They need to be regulated anywhere that money is issued and used. That is hundreds of different jurisdictions with thousands of different regulations.Blockchains are protocols that create money and transact money in the form of cryptographic proofs. They are unregulated for the same reason peer-to-peer encryption is unregulated: They are too abstract. The combination of decentralized governance and value that results from solving mathematical problems means that regulators even define laws that would be limited enough in scope to make sense and broad enough to be effective.They have tried to regulate cryptography and encryption many times and always failed.Up until now that was a curious fact that polite society had agreed to mostly ignore, sometimes with a derisive chuckle. From now on, it is a fact of business that serious-minded executives need to master.Master it they will, and Facebook has laid out the playbook:Decentralize as much as is necessary, but no moreProvide a token of stable value so that it can be used reliably in commerceLeverage your existing ecosystem to gain users.Do these things and you a whole world of profiting from seigniorage opens before you. Build loyalty that goes beyond just brand and product to the very means of paying for those products. Collect data previously unheard of, and attribute purchasing behavior to marketing in ways never before possible. Tax every transaction or the interest earned on funds held as reserves. And if you play your cards right, maybe even create money out of thin air.The big leagues attract the big players. Banks, technology companies, giant retailers, telcos, now have no choice but to enter this game.The world will not sit idly by and let Facebook own this new, phenomenal market opportunity. A thousand stablecoins are coming. Starbucks will let you buy your venti with Starbucks. Verizon and AT&T will issue money as mobile and smart as the device already in your pocket.Juul will give you discounts if you pay in Jems. The city of Venice will make tourists pay for the burden they have become in, what else, Ducats.Sure, many of these products will have the same fate as Pets.com. Most products fail. So what? Money is a product now, and if there is one thing every business wants to do, its make money. via ShutterstockLets block ads!(Why?)Source link Free Download WordPress ThemesFree Download WordPress ThemesPremium WordPress Themes DownloadDownload Best WordPress Themes Free Downloadfree download udemy paid course

Edan Yago is the founder of CementDAO, an effort to bring together stablecoins into a unified ecosystem. The views expressed here are his own.With the announcement of Libra, cryptocurrency has entered the big leagues.Facebooks entry into this market means every single company now has to take cryptocurrency seriously. Companies around the world are now considering their cryptocurrency strategy.Related:Halt Libra? US Lawmakers Call for Hearings on Facebooks CryptoThis is not a repeat of the corporate circle-jerks of 2015 and 2017. Then, companies played with the idea of having a blockchain strategy. Blockchain was a buzzword and companies indulged their innovation departments in building toys that never saw the light of day as actual products. This time could not be more different. Facebook has hammered the final nail in the coffin of blockchain not bitcoin.Facebook has taken blockchain seriously. They understand that the technology isnt cool. Whats cool are the unprecedented products that technology can be used to create: digital cash, new currencies and programmatic money. Every business ever has sought to make money.Now, one of the biggest businesses in the world, has decided to dispense with the middle steps and go straight to the making money part.Why, the crypto pundits have been asking, Do they need a blockchain for this? Libra, after all, will be permissioned. They could have just used a database.Related:Facebook Has Yet to Answer US Lawmakers Questions About Libra CryptoThe answer is simple. Even Facebook could not create this product without the (albeit limited) decentralization that blockchain affords. Facebook needs blockchain for this for the same reason any cryptocurrency needs blockchain. The only central actors that are allowed to issue money are regulated financial institutions. They need to be regulated anywhere that money is issued and used. That is hundreds of different jurisdictions with thousands of different regulations.Blockchains are protocols that create money and transact money in the form of cryptographic proofs. They are unregulated for the same reason peer-to-peer encryption is unregulated: They are too abstract. The combination of decentralized governance and value that results from solving mathematical problems means that regulators even define laws that would be limited enough in scope to make sense and broad enough to be effective.They have tried to regulate cryptography and encryption many times and always failed.Up until now that was a curious fact that polite society had agreed to mostly ignore, sometimes with a derisive chuckle. From now on, it is a fact of business that serious-minded executives need to master.Master it they will, and Facebook has laid out the playbook:Decentralize as much as is necessary, but no moreProvide a token of stable value so that it can be used reliably in commerceLeverage your existing ecosystem to gain users.Do these things and you a whole world of profiting from seigniorage opens before you. Build loyalty that goes beyond just brand and product to the very means of paying for those products. Collect data previously unheard of, and attribute purchasing behavior to marketing in ways never before possible. Tax every transaction or the interest earned on funds held as reserves. And if you play your cards right, maybe even create money out of thin air.The big leagues attract the big players. Banks, technology companies, giant retailers, telcos, now have no choice but to enter this game.The world will not sit idly by and let Facebook own this new, phenomenal market opportunity. A thousand stablecoins are coming. Starbucks will let you buy your venti with Starbucks. Verizon and AT&T will issue money as mobile and smart as the device already in your pocket.Juul will give you discounts if you pay in Jems. The city of Venice will make tourists pay for the burden they have become in, what else, Ducats.Sure, many of these products will have the same fate as Pets.com. Most products fail. So what? Money is a product now, and if there is one thing every business wants to do, its make money.Bell via ShutterstockRelated StoriesFacebooks New Crypto Faces Scrutiny From European AuthoritiesFacebooks Cryptocurrency Wants to Take on Banks, Not Bitcoin

The University of Cumbria has become the world's first public educational institution to accept bitcoin as payment for tuition fees. The currency is being accepted as payment for two new courses linked to the study of crypto-currencies and complementary currencies, in a move similar to that of the private University of Cyprus, which began accepting bitcoins and started teaching about the currency last year. Jem Bendell, director of the University of Cumbria's Institute for Leadership and Sustainability, said: "We are accepting bitcoin as a way of experimenting [with] how it works for a major organisation with many departments." The university claims to be the world's first public educational institution to accept bitcoin payments, adding it is "delighted" to be able to offer the service. In November 2013, the University of Nicosia in Cyprus, a private institution, began accepting bitcoin as payment for tuition fees, as well as offering a Master's degree focusing on digital currencies like bitcoin and litecoin. The two new courses offered by the university are a certificate in sustainable exchange, and a postgraduate certificate in sustainable leadership; the former being taught at its London campus from July, while the latter will be taught at its Lake District campus from June. No stranger to crypto-currencies, last May the university was one of seven partners which helped organise a United Nations symposium (PDF) on alternative finance, and also has a research programme on the topic which includes PhD students. The certificate in sustainable exchange, which costs £1,111 (around two bitcoins), is aimed at helping students understand "why and how to create, scale and evaluate digitally-enabled systems of sustainable exchange, [including] systems for giving, sharing, renting, exchanging, and funding, with or without official money." The university's postgraduate certificate in sustainable leadership is a year-long course asking students to challenge "orthodoxies in corporate social responsibility and environmental management" and costs £3,333, or around 5.7 bitcoins. In a press release, the university warned against students buying bitcoins to pay for the course - due to its extreme volatility - and suggested that successful applicants should only consider paying with the virtual currency if they already own it, or have received it via donations. To reduce its own exposure to price volatility, the university said it will exchange bitcoin payments for sterling via BitPay at the time of payment.

Buying a brand-new car is constantly a excitement. Purchasing a high-end car, a roadster or a timeless much more so. But such a pleasurable acquisition is normally accompanied by time consuming rules. When all you desire is to sit behind the wheel as quickly as possible, these extra actions can be a problem for many people. Finding a dream car you can buy with cryptocurrency will definitely conserve you a long time and effort, particularly when cross-border payments are included. You can now do that with BCH on Autocoincars.com, a platform that deals with leading supercar dealerships. Purchasing a Supercar With BCH Is Easy Browsing through car advertisements can be a satisfaction and a curse. It takes some time to discover the best design and make that matches your taste and requirements. Multiple sites nowadays offer car purchasers with a myriad of deals. However, if you are not just a petrolhead however also a crypto lover, there arent a lot of platforms with a great option of lorries you can acquire with digital coins.Autocoincars.com is a site where consumers can discover a abundant option of high-end designs, from comfy and useful SUVs, to elegant cars and even collectible classics with comprehensive service history. And the very best part is that all of them can be purchased with bitcoin cash (BCH). The business interacts with Bitscoins.net to broaden making use of peer-to-peer electronic cash.The valuable vehicles are offered by recognized U.K. dealerships and can be provided to purchasers in other nations also. One of the platforms primary partners, Redlinespecialistcars.co.uk, is the biggest independent supercar dealership in Britain. They comply to promote crypto and have actually currently made many sales to customers deciding to pay with digital properties. David White, Auto Coin Cars chief running officer, informed news.Bitscoins.web:We negotiated a Lamborghini from the U.K. to Germany last month, a $300k car. One more youthful crypto user purchased his mom a $70,000 Range Rover for her birthday surprise all in crypto. And recently we had a query from Sydney, Australia for a 2 million Aston Martin. Exciting times.The portal bets on bitcoin cash, using customers the chance to purchase Ferraris, Lamborghinis, Aston Martins, and a lot more quality brand names with BCH. All of its advertisements have the asking cost showed in a variety of fiat currencies such as U.S. dollar, British pound, euro, and UAE dirham. But Autocoincars.com particularly targets cryptocurrency users who wish to buy a car with bitcoin and their pricelist begins with a estimate in bitcoin cash. Customers can also pay with the platforms own token, autocoin.Crypto users who wish to buy vehicles do not browse Autotrader, Pistonheads, Motors, or any other standard website, the site describes. Why would they? They would have a hard time to discover a car dealership that accepts bitcoin on there. Instead, they browse Google for buy car with bitcoin or among the numerous numerous search terms for which Autocoincars.com is ranked number 1 and page 1. They choose a car, call the dealership and concur [to] a handle the normal method. They then spend for the car with bitcoin or other crypto through our controlled exchange and we pay the dealership prior to the car being provided.Auto Coin Cars group even more keeps in mind that there are over 3 million cryptocurrency wallets in the U.K. alone, which shows the development capacity for this market in the future. A research study performed this year by Technavio jobs that the international high-end car market will grow at a substance yearly development rate (CAGR) of more than 12%, or roughly 8,000 systems within 5 years.Accepting crypto payments opens a entire brand-new location of company that was up until just recently not available to car dealerships. Millions of individuals all over the world now own cryptocurrency and numerous would easily utilize their coins to acquire a brand-new car thanks to the speed and security crypto deals give the table.At the very same time, car dealerships can now quickly accept cryptocurrency and transform it right away into fiat cash if they wish to do that, securely and safely. They can utilize the sites Sell Now area to sign up with the platform, offering more info about themselves and submitting their advertisements to reach countless crypto users worldwide.North London-based Auto Coin Cars uses knowledgeable crypto specialists and vehicle experts who have actually supplied a easy response to a supply and need problem. Car purchasers wish to invest their crypto, while car dealerships are not set as much as accept it yet. Many of them understand the advantages of cryptocurrency payments once they attempt them.Bitcoin cash, for example, provides instant and protected deals at a really low expense, typically less than a U.S. cent per transfer. And the funds are offered practically as quickly as the payment is made without any chargebacks or card scams. Auto Coin Cars customers are generally high net worth people who can also make the most of the personal privacy that features crypto payments and count on an instantaneous crypto-fiat exchange getting rid of cost changes.Some of Auto Coin Cars sports and efficiency lorries are provided just to crypto users in closed auctions. These vehicles are the greatest quality designs provided by the U.K.s leading car experts. According to the platform, all of them are thoroughly picked, featured complete history and remain in spotless condition validated by independent reports. The initially such auction will be kept in late 2019. Potential purchasers can sign up now and get information about monthlys offerings, in addition to the conditions of involvement.Auto Sales With Crypto Payments Are a Promising Market The specific niche Auto Coin Cars runs within is most likely to grow in the future. So is the appeal of crypto payments in basic, particularly now when numerous anticipate to see a brand-new crisis in the standard monetary system as early as next year. At this time, the platform doesnt have a lot of rivals. Another site selling supercars and classics for cryptocurrency is Bitcars.eu. Most of the noted lorries remain in Europe, however the platform can provide them to a particular place, organizing transport and custom-mades clearance. Bitcars accepts bitcoin cash (BCH) and bitcoin core (BTC) through the payment processor Bitpay along with XMR, ETH, LTC, DOGE and DCR through Globee.Buysellcarwithbitcoin.com is a platform enabling users to release advertisements for lorries on sale or choice a noted car that can be purchased with bitcoin. The site links purchasers and sellers who wish to settle their handle cryptocurrency. Just like Auto Coin Cars, Buysellcarwithbitcoin enables you to choose a place near you, pick a brand name, set a minimum and optimum cost, and search by keywords. The website also releases advertisements for car devices such as car audio systems, view video cameras, rims, and a lot more. Dealers selling high-end lorries for crypto also consist of Post Oak Motor Cars, a Bentley, Bugatti and Rolls-Royce dealership in Houston, and Hollywood-based Jem Motor Corp.If you buy a used car whose interior requirements revitalizing and detailing, you can constantly utilize the services of Cockpitdekor.com where you can buy trim parts for you control panel, center console and doors. The finest thing is that you can buy them with bitcoin cash. Cockpitdekor promotes the advantages of paying with cryptocurrency. The business is based in the U.K. and Slovakia, however its personalization sets are offered worldwide. And in Venezuela, a nation where cryptocurrencies have actually been making headway on the background of an unsteady and extremely inflated nationwide fiat, car insurance coverage strategies can now be bought with bitcoin cash, as news.Bitscoins.web just recently reported.Payments utilizing decentralized digital currencies are most likely to spread out even more in this and other markets. If you wish to acquire bitcoin cash and other significant cryptocurrencies you can do that at buy.Bitscoins.web. To easily trade your crypto properties, visit our noncustodial, peer-to-peer market regional.Bitscoins.web, which currently has countless users from all over the world. Also, take a look at our recently introduced leading trading platform exchange.Bitscoins.web. Registered users can access it today and over 10,000 have actually currently registered.Would you buy your next car utilizing cryptocurrency? Tell us what you think of crypto payments in the car sales market in the comments area below.Do you require a trustworthy bitcoin mobile wallet to send out, get, and save your coins? Download one free of charge from us and after that head to our Purchase Bitcoin page where you can rapidly buy bitcoin with a charge card.

CANDY token. What is it? Where did it come from?mediumjack (25) in candy 3 months agoA couple of days ago, after installing the SELFKEY ICO wallet and receiving their airdrop, I noticed that my MEW had an additional token listed, which I did not actually purchase myself. I was confused, to say the least, mainly because I am still relatively new to the use of various online crypto related utilities and I am learning as I go along, but also because I had no idea where this token had come from and whether it was meant for good or bad. It could have been a nasty hack for all I knew. I poked around for a bit and found nothing until today when I poked around some more and found a website. So what is the CANDY token. The official website states: " Candy.One is a global cryptocurrency community where various projects lock their tokens to one holding address and distribute CANDY tokens to potential holders. CANDY represents a sum of candy tokens. It's co-issued by different projects by locking their own tokens to one holding address." This means that projects like Ethereum, Qube, Motion and roughly 17 more, can lock in a number of their own tokens into the Candy.one holding address, and randomly distribute CANDY tokens to holders of the projects own tokens. So for example, if you happen to be holding some Ether or MEX tokens in your MEW wallet, you may receive an airdrop of CANDY tokens as a reward. The distribution of CANDY tokens can be looked up here: 8 It seemed quite random at first as I had 17000, and some other reports I read and heard of stated numbers from 40000 to 150,000. My guess is that the number of distributed CANDY will vary based on the amount of the various crypto tokens held by each individual wallet. So for example, people with a lot of Ether in their MEW may receive a larger number of CANDY tokens, while those with a smaller number of Ether will receive less. Of course, that is to say only if the distribution is amongst all Ether, or QUBE holders, which is what the CANDY website says as well: "The total supply of CANDY is one trillion. Candy Box will distribute tokens to project holders by making future airdrop, gifts and other means. Currently locked include PRS, BIG, XIN, MTN and nearly 20 kinds of tokens, worth almost 100 million USD." Not quite a hundred million just yet, but pretty close. Find it here: https://candy.one/i/3712970 The total supply of CANDY is a stageringly exact one trillion tokens, which during the time of writing this article, increased in value from 69,780,768.55 USD to 71,219,837.89 USD, or from 0.0000697808 to 0.0000712198 per CANDY token. If my calculations are correct, that would place my 17,000 CANDY tokens at a price of 1.2107366 USD, which may be insignificant to many adults, but ammounts to an entire ice cream for children. Although I like ice cream too. The point to take away from this is the following. With the growing number of projects joining the CANDY list, and locking in a portion of their own tokens onto the CANDY project, the CANDY tokens increase in value. Presently 26 projects are listed on the CANDY site, with the most recent one being FAIR(FairGame) which locked 12 million tokens in the CANDY box. The first listed token lock is to Geek Chain which occured on the 25th of January this year. Seeing that this platfrom is less than a month old, I think it may be a safe bet that a lot more projects may still be joining the CANDY box in the near futre thus propelling the value of the CANDY token upwards into the presently vast space within which it can still grow and anyone willing to hold on to this novelty may be in for a real surprise in the long run. You can get some CANDY yourself by following this link: https://candy.one/i/3712970 Create your own account on the CANDY websie to participate in CANDY giveaways, and to keep track of the growing number of involved projects. The indicator at the top of the CANDY site lists amounts in Japanese Yen, as if Satoshi Nakamoto come back to say that he, or they, were not yet done with the creation and redistribution of wealth. It makes sense for projects to become involved in this anomaly early on while the value of the CANDY token is still relatively low. I can see this little jem being used to incentivise cryptocurrency holders to avoid exchanging their tokens into fiat, since like I stated earlier, I have a feeling that the amount of CANDY received may depend on the amount of tokens held up in your crypto wallet. Happy CANDY hunting!!!!! https://candy.one/i/3712970 candy token crypto currency ico 3 months ago by mediumjack (25)$0.001 vote+ mediumjackReply 0

Bitcoin is the new black. Even playboy socialite Dan Bilzerian is boasting on Instagram about his new bitcoin stash. Other than sex, drugs and cryptocurrency trading, bitcoin is also routinely used for online shopping and paying tuition at tech-savvy private schools. Motherboard reported 10 wealthy families in New York are now using bitcoin to pay their $30,000 tuition fees at posh Manhattan preschools. But Bitcoin tuition payments arent just for the ultra-rich. Aroundhalf a dozen universities around the world now accept bitcoin for tuition payments and textbooks, including Kings College in New York. This is especially helpful for international students. Read : Cryptocurrency Shopping Guide: How To Shop With Bitcoin The driving force behind our decision [to accept bitcoin] was the necessity, the problems experienced by students from far away countries, Georg Garlichs, CFO at the European School of Management and Technology in Berlin, told International Business Times. Its simply hard to send money from there over here for various reasons, be it high fees, technical problems or simply capital control, when they [governments] dont want them [students] to send capital out of the country. Although only one ESMT student has paid his university tuition with bitcoin so far, Garlichs expects the number to increase because in many programs the overwhelming majority of students come from abroad. In 2016, the university hosted the Blockchain Innovation Awards and sifted through 400 applications. It's raining bitcoin. Photo: George Frey/Getty Garlichs said he has also noticed a growing curiosity about bitcoin from both students and educators. The schools two-day blockchain and bitcoin course for professionals is so popular that ESMT will soon offer it twice a year instead of just annually. We were surprised by the degree of interest, its completely full, Garlichs said. Around 60 students have already completed this course. Many universities that accept bitcoin only do so for students enrolled in programs related to technology, business or economics. For example, the British University of Cumbria lets students pay for two certificate programs and specific PhD fees with bitcoin. Read : Blockchain Jobs More Popular Than Ever On LinkedIn According to Jem Bendell, founder of Cumbrias Institute for Leadership and Sustainability, two students have paid their tuition with bitcoin since the option became available in 2014. It is a fast moving field. So they [cryptocurrencies] could become more widely used for payments, but we aren't seeing that yet, Bendell told IBT in an email. University of Nicosia in Cyprus, which the world's first digital currency graduate degree. Photo: University of Nicosia Meanwhile, the University of Nicosia in Cyprus has by far become the world leader in cryptocurrency options for students. All of the Mediterranean university's programs accept bitcoin. According toIrene Patrikios, who helps coordinate the UNIC Blockchain Initiative, half of the students enrolled in the digital currency masters program now pay their tuition in bitcoin, plus up to two percent of the general student body, which is around 11,500 people. That means roughly 282 student paid their tuition with bitcoin this year alone. Patrikios said shes seen a steady increase in the amount of students using bitcoin each semester since 2014. Transactions are much faster and cheaper as well, she said. Its one of our preferred choices. Next the university plans to install a bitcoin ATM on campus and launch several new blockchain programs, including a certificate program and eventually blockchain academic credentials. University of Nicosia campus at sunset. Photo: University of Nicosia Even universities that dont yet accept cryptocurrency are introducing courses about blockchain and bitcoin, from the University of Edinburgh to University of California, Berkeley. Umberto Tarantino, co-founder of Blockchain Education Network Italia, told IBT their organization has 300 members that represent students and faculty at 30 Italian universities. BEN Italia have held conferences and workshops from the University of Trento in the north to the University of Rome, Tor Vergata, and the University of Salerno in Southern Italy. BEN Italia has received ever more requests for membership from students, researchers and also professors, Tarantino said. Not to mention around 150 bitcoin clubs at universities across the U.S., connected to the American BEN counterpart. A BEN Italia seminar about bitcoin and blockchain at the University of Salerno. Photo: BEN Italia Critics might observe volatility in the nascent cryptocurrency market and question what kind of jobs a graduate could hope to get after studying blockchain technology. And the answer is: A really cool job in any field from tech to luxury fashion, humanitarian advocacy and politics. Companies like IBM and Visa are clamoring for employees with blockchain skills, while the Chinese and Russian governments hire cryptocurrency experts to help create their own tech-savvy national currencies and economic policies. Even the United Nations hired a blockchain consultant for UN Women. Patrikios is confident more students around the world will start to not only study cryptocurrency, but pay their tuition with it as well. This is definitely going to increase, [because of] the easiness of payment, and how much more efficient it is as a payment method, she said. That is something we truly believe. It is the future.

Advertisement Will the Sean Parker of blockchain please stand up? by Chris Dannen Aug 17, 2015 - 8:45 AM CDT 2 Comments Tweet Share Post Now that Ethereum Frontier has launched, the only thing between us and cyber-utopia is an app. Not just any appbut a P2P blockchain app that makes normal people lots of money. And before that, we need an anti-hero willing to do the work of building the prototype for this world-changing app without getting paid. Imagine a company. Imagine the management of this company resigns. The employees who remain are allowed to keep the company running by working peer to peer. The incentive: theyd get to split the money that used to go to management salaries. Advertisement That is a lot of extra dough to go around. But without anyone at the helm, people would need a system of agreements between one another to make sure each individual was held accountable to coworkers. Without a legal department (they resigned too) each individual would need to write their own contracts: one for each person they work with regularly. As an editor, my contract with a writer might stipulate they send me a certain number of articles per day; when this smart contract looks in my WordPress account and sees articles, it automatically executes on our agreement and pays the writer. Thats supposedly the promise of blockchains: peer-to-peer transactions for everything. And its the vision of Ethereum, the open source blockchain platform that officially launched last week. If you missed the Ethereum launch, you are in no small majority. Distributed apps are still in the toy stage, with steep learning curves and no easy commercial path. Meanwhile, conventional startups pay. It will take someone making a killer d-app in the spirit of Napster, for the fun of disruption, to kick off an economic tremor. You dont see the BitTorrent company today making billions of dollars and becoming the new Google, says Stephan Tual, CCO of Ethereum. What you do see is people starting to think: I dont want to pay for music anymore. Its allowed Apple to come and create its music store, says Tual. That means someone needs to find a highway-robbery scenario that lots of people care about: something on the order of $20 CDs, says Tual. Whenever theres a disruption its usually because of reaction to a rip off that has somehow become normal. Bitcoin is useful; it obviates bank charges and taxes. But those fees arent acutely frustrating our brilliant youth quite the way the retail music industry was doing back in the Napster days. When the killer d-app comes, it might be employment. With millions of college-educated Millennials under-employed or under-earning, its only a matter of time before pressure to earn drives people towards online marketplaces where knowledge workers can moonlight and build skills. This Napster for employment might get attention from engineers, inspiring them to build mainstream blockchain copycats. The ultimate promise is persistent online identity. Participating in more than one employment marketplace would reflect back on one common log of ratings and transactions. This reputation system would ask: What is this Stephan good for? Has he sold stuff on the decentralized eBay? Has he used the decentralized Airbnb? says Tual. All that reputation accrues over time. Who Stephan is becomes a valuable thing; I can then put that as a collateral for a loannow youre in microfinance territory. Abstractly, the value of blockchain is governance: how we organize with each other and work together. So just as Napster led to BitTorrent and the iTunes Store, niche blockchain applications could radically change the way our corporations and governments work. The impact will be tremendous, says Tual. Advertisement Tagsblockchain Ethereum Identity Reputation Related stories When is a startup pitch not a pitch? Retrospective thoughts on TechPitch 4.5 Voices in AI Episode 42: A Conversation with Jem Davies Voices in AI Episode 41: A Conversation with Rand Hindi Voices in AI Episode 40: A Conversation with Dennis Laudick Advertisement 2 Comments Jules Burchette November 9th, 2015 content marketing Glen Simister September 8th, 2015 Im trying to build a block-chain based browser extension called GiveMeCredit which allows people to vote money into existence. Its sort of like crowdfundingwithout the platform. http://givemecredit.org there is a demo of the browser plugin on the bottom of the page. However, this is just a centralised prototype. Im currently having issues with Ethereum. Comments are closed.

Bitcoin is the new black. Even playboy socialite Dan Bilzerian is boasting on Instagram about his new bitcoin stash. Other than sex, drugs and cryptocurrency trading, bitcoin is also routinely used for online shopping and paying tuition at tech-savvy private schools. Motherboard reported 10 wealthy families in New York are now using bitcoin to pay their $30,000 tuition fees at posh Manhattan preschools. But Bitcoin tuition payments arent just for the ultra-rich. Aroundhalf a dozen universities around the world now accept bitcoin for tuition payments and textbooks, including Kings College in New York. This is especially helpful for international students. Read : Cryptocurrency Shopping Guide: How To Shop With Bitcoin The driving force behind our decision [to accept bitcoin] was the necessity, the problems experienced by students from far away countries, Georg Garlichs, CFO at the European School of Management and Technology in Berlin, told International Business Times. Its simply hard to send money from there over here for various reasons, be it high fees, technical problems or simply capital control, when they [governments] dont want them [students] to send capital out of the country. Although only one ESMT student has paid his university tuition with bitcoin so far, Garlichs expects the number to increase because in many programs the overwhelming majority of students come from abroad. In 2016, the university hosted the Blockchain Innovation Awards and sifted through 400 applications. It's raining bitcoin. Photo: George Frey/Getty Garlichs said he has also noticed a growing curiosity about bitcoin from both students and educators. The schools two-day blockchain and bitcoin course for professionals is so popular that ESMT will soon offer it twice a year instead of just annually. We were surprised by the degree of interest, its completely full, Garlichs said. Around 60 students have already completed this course. Many universities that accept bitcoin only do so for students enrolled in programs related to technology, business or economics. For example, the British University of Cumbria lets students pay for two certificate programs and specific PhD fees with bitcoin. Read : Blockchain Jobs More Popular Than Ever On LinkedIn According to Jem Bendell, founder of Cumbrias Institute for Leadership and Sustainability, two students have paid their tuition with bitcoin since the option became available in 2014. It is a fast moving field. So they [cryptocurrencies] could become more widely used for payments, but we aren't seeing that yet, Bendell told IBT in an email. University of Nicosia in Cyprus, which the world's first digital currency graduate degree. Photo: University of Nicosia Meanwhile, the University of Nicosia in Cyprus has by far become the world leader in cryptocurrency options for students. All of the Mediterranean university's programs accept bitcoin. According toIrene Patrikios, who helps coordinate the UNIC Blockchain Initiative, half of the students enrolled in the digital currency masters program now pay their tuition in bitcoin, plus up to two percent of the general student body, which is around 11,500 people. That means roughly 282 student paid their tuition with bitcoin this year alone. Patrikios said shes seen a steady increase in the amount of students using bitcoin each semester since 2014. Transactions are much faster and cheaper as well, she said. Its one of our preferred choices. Next the university plans to install a bitcoin ATM on campus and launch several new blockchain programs, including a certificate program and eventually blockchain academic credentials. University of Nicosia campus at sunset. Photo: University of Nicosia Even universities that dont yet accept cryptocurrency are introducing courses about blockchain and bitcoin, from the University of Edinburgh to University of California, Berkeley. Umberto Tarantino, co-founder of Blockchain Education Network Italia, told IBT their organization has 300 members that represent students and faculty at 30 Italian universities. BEN Italia have held conferences and workshops from the University of Trento in the north to the University of Rome, Tor Vergata, and the University of Salerno in Southern Italy. BEN Italia has received ever more requests for membership from students, researchers and also professors, Tarantino said. Not to mention around 150 bitcoin clubs at universities across the U.S., connected to the American BEN counterpart. A BEN Italia seminar about bitcoin and blockchain at the University of Salerno. Photo: BEN Italia Critics might observe volatility in the nascent cryptocurrency market and question what kind of jobs a graduate could hope to get after studying blockchain technology. And the answer is: A really cool job in any field from tech to luxury fashion, humanitarian advocacy and politics. Companies like IBM and Visa are clamoring for employees with blockchain skills, while the Chinese and Russian governments hire cryptocurrency experts to help create their own tech-savvy national currencies and economic policies. Even the United Nations hired a blockchain consultant for UN Women. Patrikios is confident more students around the world will start to not only study cryptocurrency, but pay their tuition with it as well. This is definitely going to increase, [because of] the easiness of payment, and how much more efficient it is as a payment method, she said. That is something we truly believe. It is the future.

It had an all-star team, a product that promised to give Bloomberg a run for its money – the aptly-named Blockchain Terminal, and funding to run a massive ICO campaign. The founder, a mysteriously well-capitalized investor, was zealously dedicated and he had gathered a community of investors that were champing at the bit to grab a piece of future riches.It was the perfect product for the next generation of traders. Geeky enough for gearheads and familiar enough for Wall Streeters, the BCT was supposed to bridge the gap between enthusiasts on an exchange and hard-charging professionals. And it almost did.Still, many ex-employees said, BCT was a scam and that founding investor, a bearded Canadian with a quiet demeanor, was not who he claimed to be. In fact, they said, he was a known financial criminal. Those employees requested to speak anonymously, citing fear of reputation risk and physical danger.Riding the initial coin offering wave, which took financial markets and media by storm at the end of 2017, this founder convinced large investors in Asia and Australia to pour millions into a token sale aimed at building out their terminal device. The firm shipped out dozens of the terminals to well-known crypto hedge funds. But the product itself, like the company, was a facade, according to former employees and investors.At the heart of the venture is a man once jailed for running one of the most notable financial frauds in Canadian history: Boaz Manor. Working under the pseudonym Shaun MacDonald, Manor tricked BCT employees, investors, and potential customers and, in the process, created the definitive grift of this nascent crypto tech bubble.Shaun MacDonald is a ghost. Searching for him online brings up a few random sightings including a truncated AngelList profile and countless links to footballer Shaun MacDonald of Wigan Athletic. Even ZoomInfo, a site that acts as a modern White Pages, brings up a MacDonald in Newport Beach, California who works at Estey-Hoover.Insiders noticed MacDonald’s presence on the New York blockchain scene at the end of 2016. Prior to diving into Blockchain Terminal, he was looking to buy Anthony Scaramucci’s SkyBridge Capital, according to a hedge fund manager who was briefed on the deal. He was tall with dark hair and a full beard, a face that looked a little worse for wear, and he was a few pounds overweight. He had money – lots of money – and after dumping the Scaramucci deal, he decided he wanted to build a terminal to give traders an edge in crypto transactions. He based the product on the ubiquitous Bloomberg Terminal, a tool that made former New York Mayor Mike Bloomberg a billionaire by serving just-in-time data to Wall Streeters using an arcane system that was a cross between a Telnet session and a video game.And everything ran like a normal startup. They acquired a dev team and made videos. The advisory board bloated to the point of inoperability. High-profile hires studded the staff page like jewels in a crypto crown.BCT made a major splash in the tech scene thanks to a PR team at CreateARipple that built the BCT website and began outreach to major tech blogs – although the coverage wasn’t always positive.“It looked like a company. They actually did hire sales people and developers — the actually people to execute,” one former employee said.“In the beginning we just thought [Shaun] was an overzealous investor,” another former employee said. “We didn’t think he had any power.”Blockchain Terminal and CG Blockchain had all the fixings of a bonafide tech startup with world class offices, a president with an impressive Wall Street pedigree, and a sleek and sexy product.But something seemed off to many employees of the firm.“No one was aware of his true identity and no one knew his past,” said one former employee of Blockchain Terminal. “Whenever people got close to the truth, Shaun would push them out.”In recent months, Blockchain Terminal employees discovered MacDonald was actually Boaz Manor, a disgraced asset manager from Canada. Boaz – Bo to his friends – was a financial golden boy, a strong-jawed financial titan who ran Portus Alternative Asset Management, a firm that managed $800 million at its height.As reported by The Star, Portus misappropriated about $106 million and $8.8 million was sent to companies in Hong Kong to purchase diamonds. Those diamonds were picked up by Manor’s sister, according to court documents. Those diamonds are also now missing.Quebec banned Manor from the securities industry and he was sentenced to four years in prison for his transgressions. Specifically, he pleaded guilty to one count of money laundering and one count of disobeying a court order. Chastened, he disappeared from public view and many thought he was gone.Manor operated Blockchain Terminal in full disguise, concealing his name and any potential links to his past that would reveal his tarnished financial reputation. He also grew a beard and dyed his hair red. Although he wasn’t named the company’s president, Manor was secretly running the show according to several people familiar with the situation, making “all final decisions.”“As soon as I saw that picture of Boaz I just about shit my pants,” said one hedge fund manager. MacDonald was Boaz.“Under U.S. securities laws, the CEO of a company raising funds from the public has an obligation to provide investors true and accurate information. Changing your name, hiding the fact that you were banned from the securities industry in Canada and that you are a convicted criminal who spent up to four years in jail would qualify as material misrepresentations and as actionable conduct under U.S. law,” said crypto litigator David Silver.“I googled Boaz Manor and I said ‘Holy shit.’ Not for a second did I think it was anyone but him,” a hedge fund manager who beta-tested the terminal product said.While Boaz kept an underhand grip of the reigns, the person who appeared to be in charge was Bob Bonomo. The former chief information officer at $500 billion asset-manager AllianceBernstein, Bonomo joined BCT in late 2017.According to numerous documents reviewed by The Block, Bonomo ran Blockchain Terminal as president of CG Blockchain, an affiliated company. He has since scrubbed any mention of Blockchain Terminal from his LinkedIn profile. In an interview with the Financial Post, following the publication of this report, Bonomo confirmed some of The Block’s finding: “The President title was in name only…. I had no exposure to, and no decision-making authority for, the management of any of the company’s finances, internal operations or personnel.”  While former employees working on Blockchain Terminal told The Block that the main objective of the product was often in flux internally, externally it was marketed as a institutional-grade tool that could lure in traditional Wall Street into the volatile crypto market.“We believe a convergence will occur over the next few years whereby the new digital currency asset class will be seamlessly integrated into traditional asset class processes, systems, and portfolios,” Bonomo said in a video published March 2018. The $999 terminal included a 32-inch “HD Terminal” along with a wireless mouse and keyboard, and hardware private key.The firm targeted crypto hedge funds with the product. It didn’t go well.“They sent us the terminal to test for free and they forgot to install it and it just hung out for three months before we forced them to come pick it up,” one hedge fund manager, who declined to speak on the record, said of the terminal product.“They sent us a terminal and said they would get in touch with us about setting it up. That took six months,” another fund manager said. An attachment in an email sent by adviser Christian Ferri to a hedge fund manager in March show that 20 crypto hedge funds were beta testing the product, including Dichotomy Capital, Three Bridges Capital, and Zega Financial. Ferri told The Block: “I was shocked to learn about the deception perpetrated by Shaun MacDonald. I applaud the work of investigative journalists and hope that any bad actors in the cryptocurrency space take note that they will not be allowed to operate in the dark with impunity. I have been and continue to be a strong and consistent voice for full transparency in the cryptocurrency space so that the many great advancements and innovations can be brought to the public.”The aforementioned hedge funds didn’t respond to a request for comment prior to publication. However, Three Bridges Capital later told The Block the firm “was not a beta tester” of the platform (emphasis is their own).Still, in an interview with the Financial Post, Edith Pardo (more on her later) defended the firm’s product’s functionality, saying: “BCT is a viable, operational company with a legitimate, viable product.” Pardo, acting as a lawyer for BCT and CG, emailed The Block contractor Larry Cermak a lawsuit purporting to seek $40 million dollars in unspecified damages after this story was originally published.  The team behind the terminal included “PhDs and quants” according to marketing materials. They included Founder Adnan Ali, VP of Government Policy Daniel Araya, COO Alexander Bogicevic, Ed Sappin, CFO, and CTO Andrew Pankov. Former Economist dev and startup connector Oz Sultan joined in 2017 as an advisor and left the company in September.In addition, public relations specialist Edith Pardo worked alongside Manor and the Blockchain Terminal executive team. Pardo, an executive at Newport California-based public relations firm Estey-Hoover – the same firm that seemingly hired Shaun MacDonald – signed a Form D notice of exempt offering of securities with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The full extent of Estey-Hoover’s relationship with Blockchain Terminal, or affiliated CG Blockchain, is not clear. Still, it is clear that the Pardo worked closely with Manor – Pardo is even friends with Manor on Facebook – and other executives at Blockchain Terminal used Estey-Hoover email addresses and they were paid by Estey-Hoover, according to documents reviewed by The Block and numerous people familiar with the situation.“Edith Pardo looked like she was working for Shaun,” one employee said. Pardo did not respond to calls seeking comment. In an interview with the Financial Post Pardo said Manor was just an consultant for Blockchain Terminal. CG Blockchain also announced partnership with Factset, the billion dollar financial data provider, to allow clients of the firm to access CG Blockchain crypto products, the firm announced in February. And that was not the only thing that added to Blockchain Terminal’s legitimacy. Polished, well-spoken, former Wall Streeters also promoted the terminal in YouTube videos uploaded by the company.“For crypto traders it makes it easier to trade because you’ve got all the information right in front of you in one place. You’ve got the chat rooms, the social media news flows, and all the specific websites like CoinDesk, and all those types of flows,” said Michael Caponiti of Archimedes Fund Management while Joel Emery of Tareo Capital found the team to be stellar.“My involvement with BCT was really my focus on compliance. And their focus as a company as a team, from a technology standpoint, on compliance is what really drew me from the technology originally. I think this is going to be very powerful,” he said in a video. Emery did not respond to a request for comment and is now advising another blockchain terminal called Lion.The Blockchain Terminal Telegram room was a lively place full of boosters and populated by a team of social media managers who reacted to nearly every question. The Reddit community, found at /r/blockchainterminal, was lively and excited about the prospect of a true trading tool for professional investors.Both of those communications hubs are considerably diminished.Further, despite questions surrounding its functionality, cryptocurrency media personalities raved about the product. Jon Rice — a managing editor at Crypto Briefing — wrote that “The Blockchain Terminal represents a quantum leap in crypto trading” in an article that appears to have been scrubbed from Crypto Briefing’s site. Ran NeuNer, host of CNBC South Africa’s CryptoTrader show, wrote in a tweet dated June 15: “I went to Blockchain Terminal today and had a demo of the system. It’s really advanced and has many tools. It also has a market depth tool across all exchanges. If you are a serious trader that trades for a fund or a large portfolio tweet me and we may send you a screen.”I went to Blockchain Terminal today and had a demo of the system. It’s really advanced and has many tools. It also has a total market depth tool across all exchanges.If you are a serious trader that trades for a fund or a large portfolio tweet me and we may send you a screen. pic.twitter.com/4uRt3MlEkTNeuNer claimed to be an investor in the firm’s initial coin offering. Two people familiar with the situation said he invested $1.3 million. NeuNer did not respond to a message seeking comment for this story. NeuNer at one point did list Blockchain Terminal on his investment disclosure page, but that disclosure has since been scrubbed. NeuNer has said he only invested $350,000 into the project. Like all good blockchain companies, BCT needed a token.The BCT token that powered the Blockchain Terminal was to serve as a key that unlocked enhanced features and tools on the platform, according to a white paper dated April 27.“The BCT Token will provide access to all the features and tools of the Blockchain Terminal, and enhance the convenience of Blockchain Terminal devices,” the paper said. “With the BCT Token, users can access applications and tools offered on the Blockchain Terminal Fundstore,” the team wrote. As per documents reviewed by The Block, the token sale began in September 2017.According to the documents, the company offered 510 million tokens in the token offering.“They weren’t selling the terminal,” one U.S. hedge fund manager said. “They offered them up for free.”The main point, he said, was to get the hedge fund managers to buy up the tokens which would increase the value for the original token holders.“’BCT will become the reserve currency for traders – just like BTC is the reserve currency’ – that was their exact marketing line,” the trader said.It is still possible to purchase tokens on BCT’s website in various packages. In BCT’s Telegram group, administrators described the token as a utility token. Still, it’s not clear if that means the firm would have been required to subscribe to U.S. securities law. As part of the token sale effort’s the firm brought on a slew of world-class advisers, according to a person familiar with the situation. At the time of the firm’s token sale, BCT’s advisers included Todd Ruppert, former president and CEO of T. Rowe Price Global Investment Services, Scott Walker, CEO of DNA, an investor and consultancy in the crypto market, and James Duplessie, former Citigroup portfolio manager who is now an investor in blockchain technology at Pangea Investments. A full list of the advisors exists here.“In March and April the idea was for them to raise money. And then when the sale ended in April they were supposed to get proper titles. Legal found loopholes to extend the sale privately, which happened. And they continued to sell their tokens into August,” one ex-employee said.As money rolled in the ICO buyers grew more and more excited, the possibility of buying into something as exciting as the next Bloomberg terminal was palpable and the team – veterans all – promised to be able to deliver on that dream. But things took a sharp turn after Bonomo left the firm over the Summer. In the weeks after he quietly resigned, Manor revealed to his employees his true identity and the company stopped paying its employees. It’s not clear exactly where Manor is, but the project continues under a new leader and under a new company name, BCT Inc. At the end of October, BCT Inc announced the Blockchain Terminal would go on sale for the first time to the public.“Developing an integrated blockchain platform for institutional presented significant technical hurdles,” BCT CEO Josh Dettman, wrote. “However, I feel strong pride in being part of a team with the vision and the perseverance to conquer those challenges.” As for Boaz/MacDonald, had BCT supporters seen his yearbook quote – “Into the future I see an array of precious jems, diamonds, and rubies glowing with effervescent light … and a guy named Louie yelling ‘Put the jems in the yellow bag, the diamonds in the green bag, and get a move on it before we get busted!” – they may have had a solid predictor of future behavior. Most didn’t.With assistance from Larry Cermak and Isabel Woodford. This article has been updated from its original form to include quotes from Edith Pardo and Bob Bonomo published by a source following this report’s publication. It was also update to note that Ran NeuNer claims only invested $350,000 into the project. It has also been updated to note that Pardo emailed a lawsuit to The Block contractor Larry Cermak. 

technology is transforming the way we pay for everything, but at what cost? month I was asked to speak at a conference in the City of London on the ethical issues surrounding new payment systems. The audience was packed with people working on innovative things like payment apps for smart phones and ‘contactless payments,’ where you can just wave a card or a phone financial technologies are rapidly changing the way we pay for everything. This may be convenient, but as wand-waving and other high-tech alternatives to cash become the only ways to pay for anything, what happens if the wand loses its magic? What are the costs of becoming entirely dependent on technology that banks have been such lousy guardians of the public trust and that technology firms have been so disrespectful of our privacy, I told the delegates that major dangers lie ahead. I see at least four first is how to protect consumers as they become dependent on electronic payments and e-money systems in their everyday lives. E-payment systems are becoming equivalent to utilities like water and heat, in the sense that they are indispensable to our ability to live normally. So what will happen when someone is switched off from a payment system? With such power comes great responsibility, so new regulations will be required. Some authorities like the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK, appear to recognise this issue, but no-one knows how far they will go to protect consumers. uncertainty is related to a second issue—that of anti-competitive practices. Visa for over 80 percent of the credit card market worldwide, and well over 90 per cent in many countries. The Financial Times refers to this situation as “a well-protected oligopoly” and so, for them, a good investment. Yet it also represents a hitherto unimaginable degree of control over the means of payment. Even if policies are adopted to diversify this market or—if that doesn’t work—to break up these oligopolies directly, such unprecedented levels of control raise a third area of concern in the form of peoples’ rights to privacy. my understanding of good governance, individuals are sovereign and should only give up their freedoms knowingly. There was no such consent to mass surveillance, and privacy is a human right that is recognised by the United exchanges of general communications data between spy agencies are routine, what happens to privacy as the payment revolution rolls on? the UK, the FCA gives the following guidance  to the e-money the security of payments and the protection of sensitive customer data is a critical part of the infrastructure of robust payment systems. Payment service providers have a responsibility to maintain adequate risk management systems and ensure consumers’ payments (including payments messages) are safe and FCA haven’t yet published their advice on the security of internet payments, but they do reference the European Central Bank’s “Recommendations for the Security of Internet Payments (SecuRe Pay)” from 2014, which mention privacy just once in a footnote and don’t mention  surveillance at all. vague nature of these pronouncements on questions of consumer dependence, market oligopolies, and privacy, means that little is being done by regulators to protect people from a fourth issue –perhaps the scariest of them all— the recent ‘weaponisation’ of payment systems. the last few years, governments and politicians have told payments firms or banking networks to switch off access for organisations or banks they want to damage, outside of any legal framework. For example in 2011, after the online continued to embarrass the US military by releasing diplomatic cables on the conduct of US wars, MasterCard, Western Union and PayPal responded to requests from a small number of US politicians to block Wikileaks' accounts, preventing them from receiving donations, even in after disputes between Iran, the European Union (EU), and the US in 2012, the EU the Belgium-based banking network SWIFT to suspend all transaction services with Iranian banks. In 2013, the US also encouraged the EU to impose financial sanctions on Russia by targeting five major state-owned Russian banks. or not you like Wikileaks, Iran or Russia, the transformation of payments systems into weapons of geopolitics is a crucial issue. It has legal ramifications because such moves can be illegal under existing national and international laws. That’s why the US government has sought to normalise its actions by issuing an executive order authorising it to ‘block the property’ of any foreign entity involved in, or benefiting from, online activities it deems contrary to US interests. raises a political dilemma: should governments be able to disrupt organisations’ financial operations so easily? What does it mean for international relations when such a weapon lies in the hands of just a small the US, the EU and a range of US internet firms don’t want any additional cross-border regulation of payments systems, arguing that private arrangements are working just fine. That means that pressure for change will have to come from elsewhere, including from responsible professionals in the finance and diversity in the financial marketplace is also required so that if payment firms do cut off a group like Wikileaks, then those firms would lose custom rather than damaging the recipient because of a lack of payment alternatives. There also need to be alternatives so that if SWIFT is once again pressured by a single nation to freeze out another country’s banks, then the rest of the world’s banks could use another system. Here then is an urgent role for payments innovators to provide new alternatives. what about alternative currencies like Bitcoin—how do they fit into this emerging picture? Given the problems with oligopoly power that exist in finance today, currency innovations could be usefully disruptive. Yet if such ‘crypto currencies,’ as well as novel credit transaction systems like Ripplepay, are to be usefully transformative, they will also need ethical leadership from entrepreneurs and appropriate regulations from law the flaw in the way it is issued to first adopters and those rich enough to have powerful computers. Instead, we should explore the social benefits that can come from adaptations of the ‘blockchain’ system for distributed ledgers that can be used for currencies that are more equitably issued, such as through innovations might be more positive still—for example where small business networks can create their own currency systems. One such system, called Banglapesa, is a new currency in Kenya that is backed by the spare capacity of participating micro-entrepreneurs. Now being replicated across the country, these currencies are created autonomously by business networks so that their trade is not restricted by a lack of national currency among their members. If such systems can be supported by innovations in payment systems such as with mobile phones, then financial technology could have a positive role to play in promoting development in poorer communities. was these grassroots innovations that drew me to the topic of payment innovation in the first place. As I’ve looked at them more closely, I’ve come to realise that we have to raise awareness of the ethical and political aspects of the entire global payments sector. If current trends continue, organisations and individuals are at risk of becoming prisoners of their payment systems, but open democracies require open transaction mechanisms. By ‘open,’ I mean non-discriminatory, secure, apolitical, and well-regulated systems, with a variety of competing alternatives so that people are not the debate forward on these ethical and political issues requires more of what staff’ in financial services—people who recognise the public role of payments systems and decide to take that responsibility seriously, by looking beyond near term profits to what is best for society. root, this debate is not about individuals satisfying themselves that they are ethical, but about promoting more informed public involvement in a discussion which currently excludes pretty much everyone without financial expertise. We should all be calling for international institutions such as the International Telecommunications Union to play a greater role in providing a framework for a future where billions of people will be making e-payments, safely protected from abuse by corporate oligopolies or geopolitical struggles. Jem Bendell is co-founder of Leading Wild retreats as well as courses on Sustainable Leadership at the University of Cumbria.    We encourage anyone to comment, please consult the oD commenting guidelines if you have any questions. NGOs, Social Change and the Transformation of Human Relationships The Hidden Leaf Foundation's useful reading list on transformation If you would like to add your name to this list by supporting us with a grant, please contact a member of our team. openDemocracy Ltd, The Print House, 18 Ashwin Street, London, E8 3DL. Tel: +44 (0) 207 193 0676

Leah Callon-Butler is the co-founder of Intimate.io, a token project aiming to bring payments, privacy and reputation to the adult industry.The following is an exclusive contribution to CoinDesk’s 2018 Year in Review. “The stars have aligned,” he said, the room hanging on his every word.“In the same way that the industrial revolution created the economic prosperity that’s made the U.S. what it is today; in the same way that Africa leapfrogged wired telecommunications and went straight to wireless; the Philippines has the potential to be the biggest beneficiary of this technology now. Manila could be the next New York. The next London. The next Hong Kong. The next Tokyo.”The audience at Manila Private House was silent, wholly captivated by Brock Pierce’s speech as he told the story of a nation primed for a technological revolution. The Philippines is a collection of over 7,000 islands, where only 31 percent of its 100 million people are banked, and just 4 percent of transactions happen online, but nearly 60 percent of people own a smartphone.Add to this the identity issue, with thousands undocumented and disenfranchised due to poor access to government services, and you can start to see how the Philippines is attracting the attention of some of the world’s most forward-thinking blockchain entrepreneurs and investors.The government and central bank have jumped onboard, too, recognizing the potential for this technology to introduce unprecedented efficiencies and interconnectivity to the local economy, supporting the movement with special economic zones to promote development and attract investment – particularly in fintech, of which 16 percent of the current industry is in blockchain or crypto.“There has been great movement from the government side, to learn and do more with blockchain technology,” says John ‘Jem’ Milburn, an EOS enthusiast who is based in Seoul while building business in the Cagayan Special Economic Zone (CEZA), continuing:“Banks and business are getting interested, too, to make real, sincere pushes to learn and provide services. The move to encourage and allow exchanges in CEZA is huge, and will lead, I think, to big growth in Philippines involvement in international blockchain projects.”One of the Philippines’ incumbent financial institutions, UnionBank, is leading the way in blockchain experimentation, applying the technology to everything from internal distribution of operating manuals to digitizing the badly fragmented rural banking system, effectively bringing costly processes that previously took a few days into real-time.For the rural banks, of which there are only 400 left in the Philippines today, compared to 1,400 just 30 years ago, UnionBank plans to partner with at least 100 of them to help build blockchain-based connections to the main national and international banking networks.Buoyed by early successes, and with 30 ConsenSys-certified blockchain developers already in-house, UnionBank says they will add 20,000 more programmers to the team over the next few years.But it isn’t just incumbents that are hard at work in the Philippines.With financial inclusion heralded as the next big wave of cryptocurrency adoption, startup Coins.ph is capitalizing on the opportunity to deliver secure, reliable and convenient payments services to the unbanked and unidentified.Founded by Silicon Valley entrepreneurs Ron Hose and Runar Petursson, Coins.ph is a blockchain-enabled digital wallet that can be used to pay bills, buy credit for your mobile phone and process peer-to-peer transactions – all with minimal KYC and without needing a bank account.With super-easy onboarding and a multitude of methods to top up your account, from sending bitcoin or ethereum to depositing Filipino Pesos at a 7-Eleven store, this offers some insight to how Coins.ph have managed to build a user base of more than 5 percent of the local population when the company is little more than four years old.Coins.ph are also using blockchain to lower the typical cost of cross-border remittances, a critical service for Overseas Filipino Workers (known as OFW) and their families.Money sent home by OFW is the Philippines’ second largest export, accounting for 10 percent GDP. In February this year, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas reported that remittances had grown 5.3 percent in 2017 to bring in a total $33 billion.This was an all-time high for the Philippines, smashing government targets and positioning the Philippines as the third-highest global remittance recipient, only topped by the whopping diaspora of India and China.But on average, migrant workers lose more than 10 percent in international transaction fees when sending cash home. This is significantly higher than the average cost reported by the World Bank at 7.1 percent and has a devastating effect for the families that rely on those funds, not to mention the people that work so hard to earn it in the first place. Global Overseas Worker, or GOW, is a crypto exchange licensed by the Philippines Central Bank and Philippines SEC that is delivering up to 98 percent savings on the usual remittance fees copped by Filipinos.“Every little bit helps, and that saving is potentially the difference that puts a smile on someone’s face this Christmas,” says William Sung, COO of GOW. “However, it’s more than that. It’s about being included in the new digital economy and blockchain services are gateways into that inclusion.”Like Coins.ph and GOW, other local ventures such as Satoshi Citadel Industries (SCI) and Bloom Solutions are tackling the remittance problem too.Brian Calma Sales, a Filipino who works in Dubai as an office coordinator at a construction company, and has a side hustle offering hair and makeup services, says the extra money would go a long way.“Most OFW work abroad for their family – part of Filipino culture is helping our family, it’s our responsibility,” he says. “If we didn’t have to pay the fee, it could be used to pay off some bills, or save for a vacation. Also, Filipinos mostly work two jobs. So, instead of working extra hours to get the money needed to send home, maybe we could have taken the day off.”There’s reason to think this is only the beginning of a major movement.19-year-old Kyle Acquino found inspiration in those strong Filipino family values to come up with the idea that won the Accenture Choice Award at DISH 2018, the Philippines’ first-ever community-led blockchain hackathon.“I tapped into that mindset and came up with the idea to provide a platform where communities can grow together like a family,” says Acquino, who is studying Computer Science at the Technological University of the Philippines. His team’s idea, Psycellium, is to build a decentralized cooperatives network that would take the Philippines one step closer to globalization.A derivative of a DAO, Psycellium would allow cooperatives to merge, invest and join other co-ops without the typical cross-border concerns or restrictions.DISH 2018 (which stands for Decentralized Innovations Startups Hackathon) was a blockchain-agnostic event held in Makati in November, bringing together Ethereum, EOS and NEM communities and encouraging participants to make objective decisions about which platform would be best-suited to their project.“Blockchains are not all encompassing in terms of features,” commented Chris Verceles, CTO of decentralized disaster-response startup LifeMesh, developer at ConsenSys Philippines and one of the main organisers of the hackathon. “Each one is best at a certain use case and I believe we should be able to mix and match tools depending on what we need. Additionally,” he said, “a community only grows if it is inclusive.”Themes of inclusion appear to be top-of-mind for Filipinos, with many leading female-oriented tech communities hosting a local chapter in the capital of Manila, including Women Who Code, Women in Blockchain and Coding Girls. After launching in November 2017, the latter grew from five members to more than 100 in just six months. Their leader, 20-year-old Electrical Engineering student Alenna Dawn Magpantay, says the Philippines’ young population (the average age is 24) makes it “a haven for tech-savvy professionals who are creative and resourceful.”Michie Ang, a Director of Women Who Code Manila, said she’s looking forward to answering the demand for encouraging further training in blockchain languages in 2019. Her organization represents a network of more than 1700 female devs across the national capital alone.Bright young minds are plentiful in the Philippines. In fact, that’s what prompted intimate.io to relocate half its executive team here in August, to work more intensively with our existing Pinoy team of four.Since then, we’ve added another two devs with the help of our business process outsourcing (BPO) partner, Cloudstaff. Established in 2005 by Australian internet pioneer, Mr. Lloyd Ernst, Cloudstaff is an outsourcing company in the Philippines providing skilled workforces to a range of industry verticals.Today, the company employs more than 2000 staff and contractors across four regions, with plans to double in size over the next year.Growth data reveals that enterprises are outsourcing talent to companies like Cloudstaff more and more, with 1.3mil people now employed by BPOs in the Philippines. Ernst says the growth is being driven by small and mid-size companies who have moved to the cloud in order to utilize a global workforce. With a background working in China, Vietnam and Thailand, Ernst says that the high level of English language proficiency in the Philippines makes a big difference. Verceles agrees, adding that the Filipinos common exposure to online and western cultures makes local developers very trainable.“There is a large pool of untapped talent here, since a lot more hiring attention is paid to surrounding areas like Singapore or Hong Kong,” he says. “You can see this in the current scramble for blockchain talent, where companies are increasingly looking into the Philippines for more abundant developer resources.”To say it’s “refreshing” to be immersed within a community that is genuinely focussed on designing and building practical solutions to some of the world’s gnarliest problems… is an understatement.Milburn agrees, musing that “the Philippines community seems to be focused on the utility of the blockchain, more than the typical speculation and gambling we see in so many markets.”Another example of this is ODX, or Open Data Exchange, a data marketplace founded by serial entrepreneur, Nix Nolledo, which aims to deliver sponsored internet services to consumers for free via the blockchain. Partnered with industry giants such as Booking.com, ODX will be vital for emerging markets where the right to connect is fast-becoming as critical as the right to transact, and consumers are still offline up to 80% of the time because mobile data is so expensive.This is particularly vital for emerging markets where consumers are estimated to be offline 80 percent of the time, because data is so prohibitively expensive. Projects like Nolledo’s – and all others mentioned in this article – have no need to tout “blockchain social good” slogan because economic empowerment is simply an inherent byproduct of their operations.In the short time we’ve been stationed here in the Philippines, the blockchain community has welcomed us with open arms. We’ve found synergies, supported each other’s initiatives and kick-started some fabulous friendships.In the intimate.io office, our sense of team cohesion has never been stronger and productivity is through the roof! As a result, my co-founders and I have decided to stay for at least 12-months, and come January 2019, we’ll be moving into our new abode in Angeles City.After a rollercoaster 2018, traversing almost every continent on the planet, we’re all incredibly grateful to be plonking ourselves somewhere that feels way more stable than anything else in crypto right now.It’s true that something phenomenal happening here – and – I get the sense that the only hot air we’ll have to deal with in the Philippines…is the humidity.Have a strong take on 2018? Email news [at] coindesk.com to submit an opinion to our Year in Review.The leader in blockchain news, CoinDesk is a media outlet that strives for the highest journalistic standards and abides by a strict set of editorial policies. CoinDesk is an independent operating subsidiary of Digital Currency Group, which invests in cryptocurrencies and blockchain startups.

THIS ARTICLE IS PART OF A NEW SERIES OF REVIEWS I AM WRITING ABOUT COMPANIES REINVENTING MARKETS USING THE BLOCKCHAIN. A note before we begin: because it would take up the entire article to explain how blockchain works, I assume you have a basic understanding of the core concepts. If you don’t, I recommend watching this quick 3 minute video before you continue with this or any of my other blockchain articles. Have more time/interest? I recommend this slightly more in depth course. Blockchain has the potential to reinvent the business of traditionally ‘offline’ Contractual Agreements, such as an Escrow Agreement, but could be used for contracts of all sizes as well. In this post, I begin to explore how Blockchain can and will lead to a truly secure, distributed way in which to enter a traditionally offline agreement, or contract. While standard legalese, notaries and the courts backing those agreements up with law indeed do offer a strength only the law can hold, they are not always efficient or even realistic to defend in the case of a default. In essence, sometimes contracts in the traditional sense, provide a false sense of security because you need to be able to defend them if they are broken. Now, in a similar fashion to the concept of an escrow service where parameters are met before payment is distributed, the blockchain and Smart Contracts can be used to hold terms and resulting actions to be taken if terms are met. Using a concept known as ‘oracles,' any information that can be verified by a human, can become part of the Merkle Tree used to establish the authenticity of the agreement in question. This data could be collected manually, or obtained using a data feed from an API of some sort. So, instead of getting lost in the technical weeds in this post, I want to play out a fun real-world example of how this could work, and then end by looking at Zen Protocol, a Blockchain startup working to achieve this idea. Let's take a look at a real world everyday example of how Blockchain, Smart Contracts, and Oracles could be put into play. A Simple Everyday Business Escrow Contract Scenario using blockchain. The Deal: Sacha and Henry have arrived in San Francisco to attend Burning Man. But, before they do, they are meeting Jen, a software engineer who claims she can build their new web app and get it launched on the App store by the time they return from Burning Man. They agree the app will work open without crashing and will allow a user to quickly share their location with anyone via an email message containing a map link. The Price: They agree on a price of $15,000 for the complexity and rush service and agree to pay Jen in BTC, 50% now, and 50% upon verification that the app is in the App store. They also agree on a Smart Contract transaction fee that will be paid to 7 Oracles, each agreed to by Jen, Sacha and Henry based other reputation of providing accurate data. The Risk: As with any contract, both parties are taking a risk. Sacha and Henry are risking that Jen will run off (perhaps to to Burning Man as well) and not develop the app, and Jen is risking that after she builds and launches the app that Sacha and Henry will pay the remaining 50% like they said they would. This is where the concept of Escrow comes in, and why it is often used in larger transactions, such as for a down payment on a home. However, it can be used for smaller, yet still meaningful transactions as well. The Contract: Blockchain Smart Contracts and Oracles act like Escrow. A Blockchain Smart Contract can ensure that the funds being represented exist, and sound an alarm if they ever were to disappear mid-project. In this example, Jen can know Sacha and Henry have the BTC to pay her once she launches the app, she doesn’t just have to take their word for it. Delivery: The fateful day comes, and Sacha and Henry return from Burning Man and search the app store for their app. They find it, and download it! Jen did a great job, and it does what they wanted. It seems to download, but won't launch. Oh no! They let Jen know that before they can pay her, that has to be fixed. Jen tests it, and it doesn’t happen to her, the App works fine every time and its the same on three of her friends' phones. She lets Sacha and Henry know that it must be their device they just brought to the dessert. They disagree, won't try to test on a different device, and refuse payment until it works on their phone. Difficult clients indeed. Here we are, the moment where the contract becomes everything. Did you do what you said you would, and if so, what are you owed? If not, what must you do to satisfy the contract? This is where we traditionally begin to engage in long drawn out emails, and perhaps even lawyers, and courtrooms. However, using Blockchain, Smart Contracts, and Oracles, we can use other peers on the network to confirm whether or not a contract’s terms were met. In this case, is the app visible on the App Store, and does it run. Contract Execution: Jen is confident that she performed the work correctly, and submits the smart contract for review. If the oracles find that the app downloads and runs, they will execute the contract and her remaining 50% of BTC will be released. If they don’t, it will not execute, and will remain open, not paying out her remaining 50%. Dispute Resolution: All 7 oracles attached to the Smart Contract report back data resulting in an accurate execution and Jen is Paid. Sacha and Henry need to get a new phone, or at least be willing to try on a different device. In the alternate scenario, where all 7 Oracles agree on the fact that the app won't load, Jem is left to deal with the fact that she needs to rework her code before she will be paid. You might ask, what if all Oracles don’t agree the app works? Thats a good question, and brings into play Blockchain’s “Multi signature” property, sometimes called M-of-N. Again, will link to explain technical details in order to keep these articles high level, but essentially, they allow for the there to be more than one person required to execute the Smart Contract. In my example here, this person could be a notary public Sacha, Henry and Jen agreed on, who agrees that if more than half the oracles agree the app works, that they will also digitally sign the agreement, adding an extra layer of neutrality and security to the contract for both parties. Conclusion: All of this verification was done in a secure, affordable, and distributed in a peer to peer network, instead do relying on a centralized authority like an escrow firm, or a court to decide what happened. You can imagine that, for example, using a data feed, such as for whether a stock price hit a certain price, the job of an Oracle can become even more efficient, handled programmatically, and realistic for millions of financial transactions. By creating a platform where peers can validate for other peers, we all become the trusting governing body for everyone, instead of placing this responsibility on one central entity. A note on trusting Oracles: It’s an important thing to note, is that the people reporting the data, the Oracles, depend on their data being accurate to survive. This inherently provides protection against fake data being used to falsify the Merkle Root. While this isn’t 100% failsafe, it is very similar to the Proof of Work concept where producing invalid, falsified work only hurts the overall chances of any given miner, and it wouldn’t make sense to falsify data if one wanted to have any longevity as an oracle. Zen Protocol, which plans to hold its ICO in November, is a great example of a Blockchain startup working to realize the technology needed to make the above example possible, essentially offering a solution for decentralized, automated escrow. The team has created a viable, decentralized, Oracle system, meaning the smart contracts can operate on things which happen in the real world - the most important thing missing from smart contracts. But also, in addressing one of the main issues with Smart Contracts, they have created proprietary technology to ensure contracts are bug-free before they are agreed to. There is nothing worse than a contract that won't run when you need it to. That’s akin to not being able to produce the contract at all in a court of law, you might as well not have it. Their F* language demonstrates contracts they are free of errors and security vulnerabilities. Learn more, at www.zenprotocol.com, or check them out on Twitter. Another example of how blockchain is reinventing business and changing the world. This article is part of a new series of articles I am writing profiling businesses reinventing existing industries using the Blockchain. It’s not just a solution for the Title and Escrow industry, it has the potential to become the new backbone of the internet. Watch, and you will see more and more companies emerging with solutions to existing markets with solutions based on the Blockchain. It’s early days, and the best is yet to come. Follow me here as I will continue to write about great examples of the “Blockchain reinventing business.” If you have or know of a company I can review and potentially profile, please submit your idea to me at reinvent.biz. Disclaimer: I make the best effort to select companies I feel are the best fit for the markets I profile, and in some cases I work directly with PR firms to promote their clients, who are the leaders emerging in the space. While I am not directly affiliated or invested in the companies I profile here, I do own Bitcoin, Ethereum and other cryptocurrencies. I hold investment positions in the coins, but do not engage in short-term or day-trading. When mentioning an ICO or TGE, it is not intended to be investment advice.  You should seek a duly licensed professional for investment advice. (I recommend Abacus Wealth Partners, for their philosophy of sustainable investing.) Thanks for reading, and tune in again next time by following me @jesseseaver. loader: "https://cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/aol-huffingtonpost/loader.js", placement: "Below Article Thumbnails",

Everything has its own time. Everything sprouts, grows, withers, and disappears. This is the cycle of life and the same process also applies to money and the way you obtain it.Our perception of money how it is earned and its value is undergoing a major change.You open your wallet and see a dime. The coin is physical, you can pick it up and hold it in your hand, and you are confident that it actually has a value of 10 cents. In a few years, you will most likely be holding a small plastic item shaped as a heart or a star, or you might not even have a wallet and only have access to a virtual currency, which you do not know what looks like. You have to be prepared for a financial revolution in the next 10 to 15 years.Money as we know it has only existed for a relatively few years the first banknote was printed in France in the 17th Century. More, recently, however, currencies have started to disappear; more than 600 in the last 30 years, and the trend continues.What has replaced them?Several leading experts point out that the current monetary system is bound to undergo significant changes in the years to come because it is compromisedby issuessuch as inflation, the illiciteconomy and counterfeiting, to name a few. At the Shambala Festival, held in England in August, Jem Bendell offeredcourses on how to create your own currency.This situation offersup innovative ways to structure an economic system. The current monetary system might actually be a hindrance to people, countries, and governments to work together more optimally than they do today. The monetary system of the future does not depend upon politicians or bankers but will be managed by communities and lending platforms, such as capitalaid.com and lendingclub.com.Money changes societies, and societies change money. This is how it has always been and will continue to be. When money was born, the population of our planet was around 2 million. Today, there are over seven billion of us. The system is under pressure because of an increased demand for money. A massive demand for financing is created because of the current growth, and this growth has created a historical level of economic debt in the world, which in turn causes the increase of inequality.Money is printed by banks, and economy is created when the banks lend money, including loans to governments and countries. However, the system simply does not contain enough money to pay off all the debts in the world today.The monetary system is at the core of the economic system that we know today. Almost all transactions are based on an exchange of money. It is actually in many cases illegal for two parties to trade services (for example, moonlighting). Money is only valuable as long as the value is guaranteed, and as long as we believe that it is valuable and accept it as a payment method and a reward for goods and services. However, nowadays, the trust in money and its value is under pressure. Trust in this system is being eroded. At the forefront of this movement is the worlds young people and themany small entrepreneurs who cannot obtain access to financing.In the last 10 years, we have seen how relatively easy it is to defraud, cheat, and lose money in the current financial system. The banks print money out of thin air and profit from doing so. Today, we are closer than ever to a financial revolution in which money will disappear and be replaced by something else. Physical banknotes will be substituted by local social currencies, points that you earn by doing social work, services, or companies own currencies based on customer loyalty, among others.Money goes mobileThe use of credit cards has dramatically increased in recent years. VISA and MasterCard have a share of more than 80% of the globalcredit card market, and this situation can be viewed as a regular oligopoly (feel free to disagree). However, a new and more comprehensive system is rapidly developing: mobile payment solutions. New technologies are providing new ways to make payments and transfer money via mobile phones, apps, Bluetooth solutions, and so on.We do not yet fully understand the consequences of a society without money. Even today security is merely a footnote in the recommendations of the European Central Bank. Payment networks, such as SWIFT, PayPal, and Western Union, among others, can close peoples accounts in no time if there is a political disagreement with a Russian, Iranian, or just a politically active account holder. You may call it national security; however, you may also call it financial terror.What will happen when we will experience massive IT breakdowns that are expected to occur in the future? Future wars will not be fought by troops on land but rather by people sitting behind computer screens. Earlier, banks have not shown the capability of taking timely precautions, and IT companies still lack the evidence to prove that they respect privacy and are capable of protecting sensitive data. Thus, we are facing a completely new and challenging ethical and security-related problem with e-money and virtual payment methods.The young generations have quickly adopted to the new payment methods, and many of them do not know the feeling of holding a real banknote in their hands. In a way, money is becoming imaginary, forming a basis for disloyalty, in particular, among Generation Z (15 to 25 years). Based on estimations, the global mobile pay market will surpass $500 billion in 2016. In other words, it is a huge market. This market is still based on money, but money spent by using mobile phones.Because people are not holding the money in their hands, loyalty is likely to decline.Israel and their many currenciesIsrael is known for being atrend-setting nation as far as innovation and IT is concerned.There, entrepreneurs are working on the development of the currency of the future because Israel is a good place to test such new initiatives. The American company Robocoin has set up their Bitcoin ATM, which makes it possible for people to exchange their virtual currency to cash. Israel is currently the worlds most active Bitcoin market and the home to hundreds of new start-up companies that focus on the development of technologies related to virtual money.One of Israels leading economists, Galia Benartzi, who is famous for her heart money, believes that the global economic system is deeply unfair and unsustainable. She states that believing that money has a value is an illusion. Therefore, she, together with millions of others, is trying to do something about this.In Israel, there are now no less than 87 passable alternative currencies that you can use to buy real estate, books, clothes, food, and so on. These currencies are in direct competition with the countrys official currency, the Israeli shekel.You encounter names such as Isracoin, Heart Money, and Ripplepay, which do not just boast ethical leadership but also regulations, making them passable as global currencies, credit and lending systems, as well as savings methods. O-share is a good example of a social network where money is created and used in a completely new way. This development stems from lack of trust in banks, because the young people feel that they pay too-high interest rates and because the real-estate market and start-up companies, particularly in Tel Aviv, are under pressure because of lack of financing options for the young people.The young people simply want more fairness in the financial world. We might think that this ideal is a bit nave, but many thinkers and researchers argue that this trend will lead to the disintegration of our traditional perception of money. The accrual of social capital is based on services (for example, you take the neighbors dog for a walk), and if you need money, you are allowed to print them. However, inflation is avoided because the ownership of the money is transparent, and the amount of money people have printed is also transparent.Young people demand transparencyIn Denmark, money is handled by the National Bank and the central banking system. The central banks decide who can borrow money and how much interest they have to pay, and through speculation and manipulation of money quantities and interest rates, they control economic upturns (and downturns). This system does not offer sufficient transparency to satisfy what the young people are looking for.The system in these new social monetary societies works as follows: participants will be contacted by the society if they save too much and thereby block the flow of the currency. The participants then agree to keep the money flowing so that they can work for the society instead of the money ending up passively in their pocket.These types of currencies exist all over the world. In Kenya, for instance, microentrepreneurs created a new currency called Banglapesa. These new currencies start out as a kind of money used by people in a group who share commonalities and mutual trust and are not limited by their countrys economic politics and mismanagement. These types of currencies have a significant positive influence in developing countries in particular.The indication is thattraditional banknotes, currencies and transactionswill one day disappear. It is merely a matter of time, because it is not supported by the younger generations. Currencies and physical money will die out together with their current fan base.Author: Soulaima Gourani, Public Speaker, Author, Board Member and Adviser, Tradeconductor.com, Denmark, Young Global LeaderImage:Some of Bitcoin enthusiast Mike Caldwells coins and paper vouchers, often called paper wallets, are pictured at his office in this photo illustration in Sandy, Utah, January 31, 2014.REUTERS/Jim UrquhartWritten by Soulaima Gourani, Public Speaker, Tradeconductor.com The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum.

Advertisement Sponsored post: How Regulation Will Unlock A New Crypto-Boom by Meredith Taylor Mar 1, 2018 - 9:10 AM CDT 0 Comments Tweet Share Post Sponsored by Regulation is quickly becoming a hot topic in the crypto-world. The unregulated, Wild West environment of the crypto market left investors wide open to fraudsters, scammers, and shady firms out to make a quick buck. Advertisement The technology of blockchain and Bitcoin is here to stay. But to bring value to investors, its going to need tighter rules and more responsible companies with their eyes on the future. The crypto market, worth $450 billion, wont disappear overnight. The next step will be figuring out how to establish rules, expectations and regulations for making the market work smoothly. And one company is positioned to meet that need: Hashchain Technology Inc. (TSX:KASH.V; OTC:HSSHF) This is a blockchain company that can do it all: mine coins, diversify investment in a variety of different crypto-currencies, and navigate the crypto marketplace. But KASH is going a step further: its working on proprietary methods and new technologies to make compliance with new regulations easier. At a time when state agencies are cracking down on the free-for-all within the crypto world, KASH is set to making earnings from crypto-currencies regulation. Heres five reasons to take a strong look at Hashchain Technology Inc.: #1 Order to Chaos Last year, Bitcoin and blockchain was on everyones mind. The value of crypto-currencies was shooting through the roof, and everyone wanted in on the action. Major papers ran multiple stories trying to explain what cryptos were, how the blockchain worked to facilitate crypto transactions without middle-men, and investors were offered dozens of opportunities to buy into new cryptos through initial coin offerings (ICOs). Now, the view is a bit different. Governments, banks and investors are all worried that the frenzy over Bitcoin and other cryptos was fed by fraud. South Korea and China began considering bans on crypto mining, which is immensely energy-intensive and difficult to monitor. South Korea specifically wants to start licensing crypto-currency exchanges to bring trading under closer surveillance, in order to prevent fraud. Authorities in the U.S. are worried about crypto-currencies being used to launder money, and want investors to start ponying up their taxes. The crypto-currency Bitcoin has been accused of acting as a Ponzi scheme. Coinbase, the popular crypto market hub, has even been subpoenaed by the IRS to get information on its customers. Both political parties have now called for tighter crypto regulations. While a full ban on mining isnt being seriously considered, its certain that the crypto marketplace is going to come under greater control in the coming months and years. #2 The KASH Way Hashchain Technology Inc is ready. The company sees regulation of crypto-currency as the logical next step for the industry, and its taking steps to meet the new business conditions. The company, which began as a crypto-currency miner, has acquired the assets of Node40, a blockchain technology and accounting software firm, for $8 million and stock consideration. The acquisition indicates KASH (TSX:KASH.V; OTC:HSSHF) is diversifying beyond its mining strategy. The Node40 software, called Balance, reports transactions from major crypto-currency exchanges. Individuals on the blockchain trigger taxable events when they buy and sell crypto, but until now, no one was charting these events in a way that ensured regulatory transparency. The potential for fraud was huge. With Balance at its disposal, KASH is providing tools to investors and regulators to account for transactions, providing up-to-date information on the crypto marketplace. The acquisition of the NODE40 Business, said CEO Patrick Gray in the companys press release, is an important next step of creating a global blockchain technology company. Regulation is the companys niche, and its what makes KASH different from everyone else, Gray told Oilprice.com. #3 Mining for Crypto Gold Outside of its new approach to crypto regulation compliance, KASH (TSX:KASH.V; OTC:HSSHF) is a mining company with a fresh approach to the crypto marketplace. The company currently has 870 rigs, with further acquisitions set to bring KASH to a total of 8.4 MW of crypto-currency mining capacity by the end of Q2 of this year. What does it mean to mine bitcoin? Well, companies like KASH use massive amounts of computer processing power to verify bitcoin transactions, and gets paid in new coins which can then be bought and sold on the crypto market. Even with the booms and busts in the price of Bitcoin, the profits from crypto mining can be immense. Where gold mining only yielded an 11 percent return last year, investment in certain crypto-currencies can yield returns as high as 20,000 percent. And KASH doesnt put its eggs all in one basket. The company plans to diversify its crypto-mining operation, from the major coins like Bitcoin, Dash and Ethereum to a host of smaller coins, which have the potential to bring significant returns. That means that KASH can profit from the market, regardless of the ups and downs, and as mining difficulty increases for any particular crypto, the company plans to maximize profits by shifting its mining power to different types of crypto-coins. When KASH scales up from its humble beginnings, it has plans to be one of the biggest crypto mines in the business. And its close appreciation of regulation means itll be in an excellent position to work with government agencies who may start cracking down on the more undisciplined crypto firms. With a small market cap, KASH could be set expand quickly. #4 Quality Leadership Hashchain Technology Inc. (TSX:KASH.V; OTC:HSSHF)has a solid leadership team that will guide it through the transition in the crypto marketplace. CEO Patrick Gray has already achieved tech success: his first start-up was sold to Xerox for $220 million. He was a recipient of Business Reviews 40 Under 40 award and hes raised millions in start-up capital from investors. Behind Gray, who provides the strategic vision for the company, theres CTO Sean Ryan, co-founder of NODE40 and a blockchain expert. CCO George E. Kveton is a lifelong dealmaker with 20 years of experience in Fortune 500 companies. Hes signed deals in Israel, China and Silicon Valley. The team at KASH arent the millennial millionaires who caught the medias attention when Bitcoin took off last year these are professional tech innovators, blockchain specialists and crypto-currency insiders who are taking the crypto revolution to the next stage, and are doing so in a responsible way. #5 The Next Stage in Currency Evolution While the price of Bitcoin may have dipped, the crypto-currency revolution has only just begun. Investors learned that crypto-currencies are super volatile, prone to dramatic booms and busts, and offer plenty of opportunity for fraud. But that hasnt stopped innovators from continuing to develop the market. Branded corporate coins are starting to take off, and blockchain technology has been introduced in real estate, banking and shipping. There are signs that even Wall Street is taking crypto-currencies more seriously. The price of Bitcoin, which sank below $6,000, has now jumped back above $10,000, suggesting that interest is still very strong. Regulation wont kill cryptos. Instead, it will make them more reliable and more secure from fraud. KASH (TSX:KASH.V; OTC:HSSHF) is ready to take advantage of the need for order in the crypto market. The companys acquisition of Node40 means its positioning itself on the forefront of the regulatory swing in the crypto market, and the companys mining vision truly sets it aside from the competition. KASH is prepared for the next phase, and investors should take notice. Other companies looking to revolutionize their industries: **IMPORTANT! BY READING OUR CONTENT YOU EXPLICITLY AGREE TO THE FOLLOWING. PLEASE READ CAREFULLY** Forward-Looking Information Certain disclosure in this release, including statements regarding the performance of the Companys current and ordered Rigs, and expectations regarding future operations may constitute forward-looking statements. These include that KASH will dramatically increase operations, that the 5,000 Rigs will be successfully ordered and delivered, the 5,000 Rigs will perform as expected by management and the timing, installation and performance of KASHs current and ordered Rigs will be consistent with managements expectations; that mining capacity will increase to 8.7 MW; that KASH will utilize its committed Montana facility space and increase capacity to mine 20 MW; that KASH will hold a diverse portfolio of cryptocurrencies through mining and otherwise; and that KASHs software can become part of a regulatory push for regulation of cryptocurrencies. The forward-looking statements in this release are subject to numerous risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause future results to differ materially from those expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements. Such risk factors may include, among others, the risk that the 5,000 Rigs will not be successfully ordered or delivered from the manufacturer or, if delivered, not when expected by management, and the risk that the Companys current and ordered Rigs will not perform as expected by management or that expected capacity is not achieved; that KASH may not earn cryptocurrencies through mining and may not be able to purchase them; risks related to changes in cryptocurrency prices, and the profitability of mining them; that cryptocurrencies will not increase in use as expected; the under-estimation of personnel and operating costs; that KASH will not receive required regulatory approvals for building new facilities, using power, or other aspects of its business; that cryptocurrency regulators dont accept KASHs accounting and other solutions; the availability of necessary financing; permitting of businesses that KASH intends to invest in; general global markets and economic conditions; uninsurable risks; risks associated with currency and cryptocurrency fluctuations; risks associated with competition offering better or cheaper solutions, attracting away employees or using tactics to drive out competition; risks associated with changes in the financial auditing and corporate governance standards applicable to cryptocurrencies; risks related to potential conflicts of interest; the reliance on key personnel; capitalization and liquidity risks including the risk that the financings necessary to fund continued development of KASHs business plan may not be available on satisfactory terms, or at all; the risk of dilution through the issuance of additional common shares of KASH; the risk of litigation; the risk that KASHs management and advisors may not contribute as much as expected to the companys success; the risk and the risk that cyber-crime may severely damage the value of any or all of KASHs investments. There may be many other factors that cause results not to be as anticipated, estimated or intended. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking information. DISCLAIMERS PAID ADVERTISEMENT.This communication is not a recommendation to buy or sell securities. This communication is for entertainment purposes only. Never invest purely based on our communication. Gains mentioned in our newsletter and on our website may be based on end-of- day or intraday data. In most cases we are paid by the issuer or a third party to profile the issuer. In this case, Hashchain Technology Inc. (KASH) is paying to Safehaven.com eighty thousand US dollars for this article and certain banner ads. We have not investigated the background of KASH. The third party, profiled company, or their affiliates may liquidate shares of the profiled company at or near the time you receive this communication, which has the potential to hurt share prices. Frequently companies profiled in our alerts experience a large increase in volume and share price during the course of investor awareness marketing, which often end as soon as the investor awareness marketing ceases. The investor awareness marketing may be as brief as one day, after which a large decrease in volume and share price is likely to occur. We do not guarantee the timeliness, accuracy, or completeness of the information on our site or in our newsletters. The information in our communications is not researched or verified in any way whatsoever to ensure the available information is correct. DISCLOSURE.Safehaven.com, Advanced Media Solutions Ltd, and their owners, managers, employees, and assigns (collectively the Company) does not make any guarantee or warranty about what is advertised above. The Company is not affiliated with, any specific security. SHARE OWNERSHIP. The owner of Safehaven.com owns shares of this featured company and therefore has an additional incentive to see the featured companys stock perform well. The owner of Safehaven.com will not notify the market when it decides to buy more or sell shares of this issuer in the market, but will not trade on material information that has not been disclosed to the public. The owner of Safehaven.com will be buying and selling shares of this issuer for its own profit. This is why we stress that you conduct extensive due diligence as well as seek the advice of your financial advisor or a registered broker-dealer before investing in any securities. NOT AN INVESTMENT ADVISOR.The Company is not registered or licensed by any governing body in any jurisdiction to give investing advice or provide investment recommendation. ALWAYS DO YOUR OWN RESEARCH and consult with a licensed investment professional before making an investment. This communication should not be used as a basis for making any investment. INDEMNIFICATION/RELEASE OF LIABILITY.By reading this communication, you agree to the terms of this disclaimer. You further warrant that you are solely responsible for any financial outcome that may come from your investment decisions. PAST PERFORMANCE IS NOT INDICATIVE OF FUTURE RESULTS.Investing is inherently risky. Dont trade with money you cant afford to lose. This is neither a solicitation nor an offer to Buy/Sell securities. No representation is being made that any account will or is likely to achieve profits or losses similar to those discussed on this web site. Advertisement TagsBitcoin blockchain Cryptocurrency Dash Ethereum ICO mining regulation Related stories When is a startup pitch not a pitch? 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Advertisement Sponsored post: How to Profit from the Recent Crypto Carnage by Ian Jenkins Feb 12, 2018 - 9:15 AM CDT 0 Comments Tweet Share Post Sponsored by Its no secret that crypto incubators and hedge funds get access to the best deals because of their inside connections But, now, for a short time there is a way for regular investors to ride on the coat tails of one of the most connected teams in crypto Advertisement Right in your brokerage account. In short: The team behind Global Blockchain Technologies (CSE: BLOC; OTC: BLKCF) is the best way to play the crypto boom. The company is the worlds first blockchain hedge fund, an incubator for new crypto up-and-comers. Most importantly, its overseen by the co-founder of Ethereum, Steven Nerayoff. Hes as connected as they come and helped Ethereum go from zero to over $100 BILLION. Not only does the Global Blockchain team invest in the best, brightest and most profitable crypto projects. It also incubates new and upcoming crypto and blockchain firms. And the best part is: you dont need to know a thing about blockchain, or crypto-currencies, to get in on the action. All you do is add BLOC to your portfolio, and let their team of the most connected blockchain experts do the work for you. Blockchain technology is set to revolutionize every major industry. Its time for smart investors to pay attention and Global Blockchain (CSE: BLOC; OTC: BLKCF) is the perfect place to start. #1 How Does Global Blockchain Get the Blockchain Projects? Blockchain technology is used in the crypto-currency world. It allows cryptos to bypass traditional middle-men (banks, financial firms, hedge funds) and sets up secure, linked interactive collaborative networks for the quick and easy flow of information and money. Bitcoin may be a bubble, but blockchain is going to disrupt everything. In financial services alone its being applied in brokerages, exchanges, merchants, middleware and much more. And, its being adopted by a plethora of financial giants including Barclays, JP Morgan, HSBC, Deutsche Bank just to name a few. Global Blockchain gives investors exposure to this booming industry. The company has built a basket of crypto-currency and blockchain investments. The companys team of blockchain experts choose 12 or more crypto-currency tokens to incubate and will take equity and a percentage of the founders tokens in return. The company can build new value into these tokens, diversifying its holdings and giving different tokens time to flourish. In some cases, the only way to get access to the value of these tokens early is to invest in Global Blockchain. The team at Global Blockchain knows the token world inside and out. Steve Nerayoff was a senior adviser for the crypto-currency Ethereum when it was first launched: since then, the currency has risen 94,000 percent. Nerayoff also designed the Ethereum crowdsale, which funded the project, and went on to advise Lisk crypto-currency, now with a market cap of $526 million. Hes got a history of building hundred million dollar projects. President Shidan Gouran is a blockchain expert with a long track record of spotting successful crypto-currencies. Rick Willard, another veteran of the crypto world, was the co-founder of the Silicon Valley blockchain society. Other crypto experts round out the Global Blockchain roster, including Kyle Kemper, executive director of Blockchain Association of Canada, and Michael Terpin, co-founder of BitAngels, the first network for angel investors in the crypto world. The point is: these guys are experts at blockchain. They use their experience to pick the investments that could become winners, so you dont have to. That makes Global Blockchain the perfect crypto investment for regular investors who want exposure to the sector without going all-in. #2 They Make the Investments Last year, crypto-currencies and blockchain stocks burst on to the scene, taking investors by surprise. Now, everyone wants to get in on the action. But investing in crypto currencies can be dangerous. Different coins are highly volatile, and values can change in the blink of an eye. In 2017, the value of Bitcoin surged from a few hundred dollars to more than $19,000, before dropping down to $11,000 by the end of the year. The currency lost half its value in a short span of time. Theres clearly money to be made in crypto-currencies and blockchain technology. The trick is doing it without exposing yourself to all that volatility. Global Blockchain (CSE: BLOC; OTC: BLKCF) invests in a basket of holdings in the Blockchain space, giving it smart exposure to the entire sector. In return for incubating specific tokens, Global Blockchain receives equity, allowing it to profit down the line as the token picks up value. But Global Blockchain is more than just a basket of currencies. The company is incubating specific tokens, building a diverse portfolio based on the token economy. Its the only company out there making this kind of play. In 2017, investors could score big on the rising value of crypto-currencies. But Global Blockchain is playing the long game, and is investing in protocols for stabilizing the token economy and turning it into an engine for real growth. It does this through a very particular strategy. #3 The BLOC Strategy Right now, some very large crypto-currency tokens are hogging the spotlight. Bitcoin has a market cap of $157 billion, while Ethereum comes in at $109 billion and Ripple at $38 billion. These three tokens dominate the crypto space. In the last year, these three currencies averaged more than 900 percent increases in value (for Ethereum, its more like 90,000 percent!) But theres still lots of room for growth. The amount of the worlds wealth held in crypto-currency is very, very small: less than 0.5 percent. While these larger, more expensive cryptos get all the attention, theres real potential in medium and small cap tokens. Smaller coins bring higher returns. Verge, a crypto with a market cap of $864 million, has delivered a ROI of 203,049 percent to its investors. Other tokens, like PIVX, Einsteinium, ReddCoin and Stellar are also high earners: theyve all brought ROIs of more than 10,000 percent. In fact, the average price gains from the top ten small-cap tokens is more than 40,000 percent! Global Blockchain (CSE: BLOC; OTC: BLKCF) goes after these types of small cap currencies. And the insights of the companys team gives them the experience to choose the tokens most likely to have success, sifting through the hundreds of small cap tokens. One way they do this is through specific targeting of tokens before they reach the ICO stage. An ICO (initial coin offering) is a fundraising tool for crypto currencies similar to an IPO (initial public offering). Its the moment when the token officially becomes available for purchase. Global Blockchain deploys its crypto expertise and targets some of the most promising tokens before they reach the ICO stage. Before tokens break out and maybe start going for thousands of dollars, Global Blockchain is able to secure a piece of the pie, handing down the value of its diverse holdings to investors who want exposure to the crypto market. #4 Securing Start-Ups Global Blockchain (CSE: BLOC; OTC: BLKCF) has also positioned itself as an incubator for token start-ups. As the only crypto hedge fund in the business, it can get in on the ground floor with tokens before they reach the ICO stage. For example: Global Blockchain was one of the first buyers of Kodak Coin, a brand-new token from the legendary camera and film company. Global Blockchain was offered 8 million KodakCoins as part of a pre-ICO sale, which the company secured at a huge discount for only $2 million. The company is also working to bring blockchain technology to software applications. In connection to its KodakCoin investment, Global Blockchain is partnering with Overstock.com and its subsidiary tZero to facilitate the KodakCoin ICO. With tZero setting up a secure platform for KodakCoin, which will make the token more readily available and compliant with SEC regulations, Global Blockchain is to provide advisory services. The platform will provide a secure way to facilitate ICOS in a way that is regulated and secure. And this is just the beginning. Global Blockchain can bring its expertise to a dozen different areas. Through its innovations, discreet economies can be tokenized and made secure, facilitating a wider use of tokens for every-day transactions. For example, in-game economies for massive video games like Second Life, Eve Online and World of Warcraft represent huge possibilities. The economy of the game Second Life, for example, could be worth as much as $500 million, and users spent $60 million in real currency in 2014. The economy of the game EVE Online was worth $55 million in 2016. And now, the currency of World of Warcraft is worth more than the currency of Venezuela Global Blockchain could bring turn that virtual money into tokens and trade them via the token market its developed for KodakCoin. And with each innovation, BLOC stock ticks higher and higher. #5 Major Opportunity The crypto market realized huge gains in 2017. And its just getting started. Large cap tokens like Ethereum, small-caps like Verge, and start-up ICOs like KodakCoin are revolutionizing the international financial system. And Global Blockchain (CSE: BLOC; OTC: BLKCF) is one company that has the expertise, the strategy and tools available to make that value accessible for the investor. The exposure gained from Global Blockchains diverse portfolio and its stake in new crypto start-ups allows it to offer opportunities that investors can find nowhere else. And its all under the watchful eye of Steven Nerayoff, the co-founder of Ethereum and the man who helped build the second most valuable crypto, now worth more than $100 billion. An exciting future awaits Global Blockchain. Its partnerships with tZero and KodakCoin, the possibility of bringing token technology to virtual video game economies, and other exclusive opportunities mark it out as a company to watch. For investors who want in on the crypto-currency gold rush, this is the perfect option: its as simple as adding the stock to your brokerage account, then watching the price and the announcements. With a market cap of only US$64 million, Global Blockchains participation in the blockchain and token world give investors a chance to participate too. Over the coming weeks, expect new information that could place more focus on this company, including Steven Nerayoffs talks at any of the big blockchain conferences Press releases of new token projects (like the Kodak One) the team is incubating Press releases on updated crypto portfolio assets under management And more. Dont miss out on the blockchain revolution especially when you can get exposure to experience, tokens and projects with one simple stock investment in Global Blockchain (CSE: BLOC; OTC: BLKCF). **IMPORTANT! BY READING OUR CONTENT YOU EXPLICITLY AGREE TO THE FOLLOWING. PLEASE READ CAREFULLY** Forward-Looking Information This news release contains forward-looking information within the meaning of applicable securities laws. Generally, any statements that are not historical facts may contain forward-looking information, and forward-looking information can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as plans, expects intends or variations of such words or indicates that certain actions, events or results may, could, would, might or will be taken, occur or be achieved. Forward-looking information includes, but is not limited to the rate of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology adoption and the resultant effect on the growth of the global cryptocurrency and tokens market capitalization; Global Blockchain Technologies Corp.s (BLOC) anticipated ability to reduce risk for investors and give investors exposure to a broad cross-section of the blockchain ecosystem; BLOCs projected asset allocations, business strategy and investment criteria, including the anticipated contributions of BLOCs incubator program; the expected strengths and contributions of BLOCs management and advisors; and the rate of cryptocurrency adoption and the resultant effect on the growth of the global cryptocurrency market capitalization. Readers should be aware that BLOC has no assets except cash from a recently completed financing and its business plan is purely conceptual in nature: there is no assurance that it will be implemented as set out herein, or at all. Forward-looking information is based on certain factors and assumptions about BLOC believed to be reasonable at the time such statements are made, including but not limited to: statements and expectations regarding the adoption and growth of the global cryptocurrency and tokens market capitalization; BLOCs ability to reduce risk for investors and give investors exposure to a broad cross- section of the blockchain ecosystem; BlOCs ability to acquire a basket of cryptocurrency assets and pre-ICO and ICO financings on favorable terms or at all, successfully create or incubate its own tokens and ICOs, and execute on future investment and M&A opportunities in the cryptocurrency space; BLOCs ability to capitalize on the skills and expertise of its management and advisors; and such other assumptions and factors as set out herein. These forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause the actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements of BLOC to be materially different from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking information, including but not limited to: risks related to changes in cryptocurrency prices; the estimation of personnel and operating costs; that BLOC will receive required regulatory approvals; the availability of necessary financing; permitting of businesses that BLOC intends to invest in; general global markets and economic conditions; uninsurable risks; risks associated with currency fluctuations; risks associated with competition faced in securing experienced personnel with appropriate industry experience and expertise; risks associated with changes in the financial auditing and corporate governance standards applicable to cryptocurrencies and ICOs; risks related to potential conflicts of interest; the reliance on key personnel; financing, capitalization and liquidity risks including the risk that the financings necessary to fund continued development of BLOCs business plan may not be available on satisfactory terms, or at all; the risk of dilution through the issuance of additional common shares of BLOC; the risk of litigation; the risk that BLOCs management and advisors may not contribute as much as expected to the companys success; the risk and the risk that cyber crime may severely damage the value of any or all of BLOCs investments. There may be many other factors that cause results not to be as anticipated, estimated or intended. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on forward-looking information. We undertake no obligation to update forward-looking statements if these beliefs, estimates and opinions or other circumstances should change, except as required by law. Investors are cautioned against attributing undue certainty to forward-looking statements. BLOC has no assets except cash from a recently closed financing and this article is based on the business plan of BLOC which at this point is purely conceptual in nature. There is no assurance that the business plan will be implemented as set out herein, or at all. DISCLAIMERS PAID ADVERTISEMENT.This communication is not a recommendation to buy or sell securities. This communication is for entertainment purposes only. Never invest purely based on our communication. Gains mentioned in our newsletter and on our website may be based on end-of- day or intraday data. In most cases we are paid by the issuer or a third party to profile the issuer. In this case, BLOC is paying to Safehaven.com eighty thousand US dollars for this article and certain banner ads. We have not investigated the background of BLOC. The third party, profiled company, or their affiliates may liquidate shares of the profiled company at or near the time you receive this communication, which has the potential to hurt share prices. Frequently companies profiled in our alerts experience a large increase in volume and share price during the course of investor awareness marketing, which often end as soon as the investor awareness marketing ceases. The investor awareness marketing may be as brief as one day, after which a large decrease in volume and share price is likely to occur. 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The Company is not affiliated with, any specific security. While the Company will not engage in front-running or trading against its own recommendations, The Company and its managers and employees reserve the right to hold possession in certain securities featured in its communications. The opinions expressed in this article are exclusively those of the author and have in no way been approved or endorsed by BLOC. This article and the information herein are provided without warranty or liability. SHARE OWNERSHIP. The owner of Safehaven.com owns shares of this featured company and therefore has an additional incentive to see the featured companys stock perform well. The owner of Safehaven.com will not notify the market when it decides to buy more or sell shares of this issuer in the market, but will not trade on material information that has not been disclosed to the public. The owner of Oilpatch.com will be buying and selling shares of this issuer for its own profit. 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Advertisement TagsCrypto-currencies Related stories When is a startup pitch not a pitch? Retrospective thoughts on TechPitch 4.5 Voices in AI Episode 42: A Conversation with Jem Davies Voices in AI Episode 41: A Conversation with Rand Hindi Voices in AI Episode 40: A Conversation with Dennis Laudick Advertisement Comments are closed.

in early 2018.American Bullion has been serving gold investors over the years. Their staff provides excellent professional and personal service, and aim to facilitate easy and safe transactions for their clients. American Bullion has also started accepting bitcoin payment earlier this year.Orkan Ozkan, CEO of American Bullion says “Bitcoin is making history. It’s full of possibilities and unlimited potential. American Bullion wants to make it easier, safer, and more convenient for consumers to use Bitcoin to purchase physical gold or silver.”Provident Metals is looking to become an industry leader in international and domestic bullion and investment-grade metals. The company is dedicated to meet customers’ needs in the precious metals industry by providing an online environment which is focused on service, and affordability. Provident Metals accepts bitcoin payment along with other online sources.Sharps Pixley Founded in 1778, Sharps Pixley, a London-based gold dealer recently announced it will accept bitcoin payments. Sharps Pixley is one of the members of the London Bullion Market Association. It operates as full-service shops where investors can buy, trade, and store precious metals. This gold dealer believes bitcoin is a perfect form of medium of exchange, as it offers simplicity and low cost.Vaultoro, a newly established gold business that accepts bitcoin payment, is seeking to capitalize on the deep change in the financial world led by the blockchain technology and new banking solutions transforming domestic and global transaction. Although it is only offering gold, it plans to become the largest asset-based proven reserve in the world by providing an opportunity to simply diversify wealth in cryptocurrencies and precious metals including silver, platinum, and palladium.Drinkers can now pay their bills in bitcoin. The bar industry is integrating the new form of payment system at a rapid pace. The list of bars in which you can pay in digital currency is given below:Brewdog has large footprints all around the world. Its newly opened bar in London announced to accept bitcoin payment. James Watt, the co-founder, says: “We’ve always prided ourselves on our desire to keep innovating. We’ve done it with beer, we’ve done it with our business model, and now we are championing a new way of paying for a pint.”Old Fitzroy, a traditional pubーand the oldestーin Sydney, accepts bitcoin payments. Established in the late 1990s in the Old Fitzroy Hotel, its pub and theater are known for independent productions featuring emerging artists.The Russian bar franchise, Killfish bars, has been accepting bitcoin in 2018 as a form of payment. It enables clients to create their own wallets using multiple mobile payment services including credit cards and bitcoin. The bar franchise has a presence in 25 Russian cities. The Pembury Tavern barThe Pembury Tavern bar offers numerous games, a bar billiards table, a menu of pizzas and Italian dishes, and bitcoin as payment.EVR Bar in New York accepts bitcoin as a payment method. Its customers have to inform servers that they look to pay with Bitcoins. EVR Bar accepts bitcoin with the help of a BitPay app which exchanges the dollar into Bitcoins.Like other retailers, gun stores are looking to enjoy the revolution of digital coins to expand their sales growth. Below is the list of gun stores allowing clients to pay in bitcoin:GunGear is among the few gun stores that accept bitcoin as a form of payment. The firm says they are excited about the revolutionary crypto technology and that they are supporting the adoption of this new form of currency. GunGear uses Coinbase platform as its payment processor.Central Texas Gunworks started accepting Bitcoin as a medium of exchange and was the first gun store in the United States to accept bitcoin, which it did in 2014. The store also offers the online purchase of guns, for which they also accept Bitcoin.Insurance companies always respond positively to the changes in the global financial system. The list of major insurance companies that allow clients to pay in bitcoin is given below:Innovative insurance not only accepts bitcoin payments, but they also offer insurance for bitcoin and other related coins. The company claims to provide the right insurance carriers for the special needs of the bitcoin community.Back in 2013, INGUARD decided to accept bitcoin payments. The company believes they are expecting a quick adaptation of bitcoin in the days to come and all companies have to accept bitcoin if they want to remain relevant in changing market scenarios.CoverYou CoverYou has recently announced they will accept bitcoin for premium payment. It is an insurance company offering coverage for smartphone’s, iPads, and tablets for Belgian and Dutch clients. CoverYou will only accept bitcoin payments for payment of the annual cumulative fee.The founder Yvonne Geijs said: “Developments in this market are progressing very quickly. Our smartphone insurance is a popular product at the moment because of the value of smartphones nowadays. Adding BitCoin as a payment method means embracing new technology and looking ahead.”Despite the uncertainty in cryptocurrency markets, buyers and sellers of real estates have warmed to the idea of digital currencies and adopted crypto coins as a medium of exchange. The list of real estate companies that accept digital coins is below:Glen Oaks Escrow, the Southern California company, recently announced that it would accept bitcoin payments through BitPay. In an official press release, they said the decision is made on the back of the rising number of properties being sold for BTC.Glen Oaks Escrow CEO says, “Cryptocurrency transactions go much smoother when escrow is dialed into this cutting-edge way of purchasing the property.”Real Estate Maximums, the American real estate company, announced they will accept bitcoin payment from its customers. It stands among the top rated real estate companies in Canada and the United States since 1999, amid residential transaction sides.The New York City based Brookliv brokerage started accepting bitcoin payments in early 2018. The company claims they made this decision to attract younger clients who like to pay in digital currencies.Kuper Sotheby’s International Realty announced in September 2017 that they are among the few real estate companies in Texas that are accepting bitcoin as a form of payment. Commenting on the decision, the CEO, Gossett, said, “It’s an additional way to market the property for people out there who have cryptocurrency that is looking to convert it into a tangible asset maybe.” ManageGoAn online rental payments system, ManageGo, has also begun accepting bitcoin and other digital currencies for rent payments. The company converts the rent payment that they receive in bitcoin to U.S. dollars.Do you want to buy watches with bitcoin? There are a variety of small and large watch stores accepting new methods of payment, including bitcoin. The list of watch shops that accept digital coins is below:People can now buy a watch by paying in bitcoin. Uhrzeit.org accepts payments in bitcoin for all the watches. Uhrzeit offers more than 70 brands of watches including chronographs, yacht timers, automatic watches, diver’s watches, fashionable watches, and sports watches.Gray & Sons have been selling meticulously restored & like-new condition Certified Pre-owned watches. The company also offers special unused watches from Swiss brands. They recently announced they would accept bitcoin payment for every type of watch they sell online or within the shop.WatchShopping.com is one of the leading online business that offers a variety of brands for men, women, and children. Along with other payment methods, they also support cryptocurrencies as a medium of exchange.Bitdials is a unique luxury watch retailer that only accepts bitcoin payment. Bitdials offers watches of several popular brands including Rolex and Chopard.With seven years of industry expertise, Luxe Watches is one of the luxury watch businesses you can trust. The business offers beautifully crafted and classic pre-owned and new watches. It offers an extensive collection of brands which include Rolex, Richard Mille, Audemars Piguet, Patek Philippe, and more. Manufacture Contemporaine du Temps (MCT)This Swiss brand is known for its innovation and now accepts bitcoin and bitcoin cash payments for online purchases.Las Vegas casinos are actively adopting cryptocurrencies amidst a strategy to offer alternative payment methods. The list of popular casinos in which you can pay with bitcoin is below:The D Las Vegas Casino Hotel provides a fun atmosphere and energetic attitude. It features 629 remodeled contemporary rooms and suites and a high-energy gaming experience.Golden Gate Casino offers a combination of a vintage and modern experience simultaneously. Established in 1906, Golden Gate Casino is among the most popular casinos in Las Vegas.Aliante Casino and Hotel is owned by private equity firms and banks. The casino offers games, slot machines, and rooms and suites to its clients. They also accept payment in digital coins.With nearly 700 casino games available to play, 123 Vegas Win provides its clients with several top-notch gambling actions. The casino also offers welcome bonuses on the first four deposits of new clients.Smart vending machines have been implemented around the world for a while, but only innovative companies have added bitcoin functionality. Below is the list of vending machines that accept virtual currencies to expand the payment methods for clients.Aeguana launched a new vending machine that accepts bitcoin along with other payment methods.American Green ZaZZZ marijuana vending machine Rather than candy and soda, American Green ZaZZZ vending machine dispenses marijuana. It recently integrated bitcoin payment system to enhance payment options for clients.Bitcoin Kinetics developed a BitWasher vending machine specifically for cryptocurrency users. The company has already marketed a number of other bitcoin machines including ticket machines, parking meters, ATMs, payment kiosks, and arcade payment devices.Liberty Games’ Pirates of the Caribbean Pinball MachineInspired by gaming company Stern’s, Liberty Games’ bitcoin pinball machine is reconditioned by technicians with an additional bitcoin support option.Coca-Cola has developed their vending machines to operate on the lightning network to allow clients to get the fizzy drink favorite with Bitcoin.Vacation rentals, with their large global footprints, are among the early adopters of bitcoin strategizing to enhance digital payment methods for their clients. Below is the list of vacation rentals that accept digital coins.Caribound, the most established vacation rental in the Caribbean which represents more than 1000 luxury homes, is now accepting bitcoin for rental payments.VisionApartments, a Swiss-based serviced apartment company, has announced Bitcoin payment support for all its customers.Vacation Rentals Las Vegas started accepting bitcoin and several other major cryptocurrencies for stays at one of their large vacation homes in Las Vegas.If you want to stay in Destin, South Walton, or Panama City Beach, Ocean Reef has the property for you, available via bitcoin for payment. Disappointed that there is a certain place you had in mind not listed? Well, the good news is that there are companies like LocalCoin.ca popping up that supply both virtual and physical Visa debit cards which allow you to load up from your bitcoin funds, and even make withdrawals at cash machines.There are a ton of different types of online merchants that accept bitcoin, here is a list of a fair old bunch of them:Cryptocurrency has been around for a while now, and over the past few years, many travel companies have started accepting bitcoin currencies, enabling travelers to easily book their tickets using this decentralized currency. Here are some of the top travel sites which accept bitcoin:More Stamps Global is an online travel agency, based in Hungary, which accepts bitcoin along with other types of cryptocurrencies, which can be used for the purchase of cars, flights, car rentals, and making hotel bookings.WebJet, an Australian based travel agency, started accepting bitcoin in 2015 to allows its customers to easily book flights and cruises using bitcoins. It has partnered with BitPOS to allow for such bitcoin payments.BTCTrip is a New York-based travel agency, founded in 2013, which allows its customers to pay using Bitcoin for flights and hotel bookings in a wide range of destinations.Bitcoin.com is one of the most renowned bitcoin travel sites which allows travelers to use bitcoins to book their trip and provides suggestions for flights, hotels, accommodations, and sightseeing attractions.This travel site based in Vietnam accepts bitcoin payment and allows customers to book flights using the Rock Trading Exchange. AirTreksThis travel booking platform provides around-the-world deals to its customers as well as multi-stop international flights for the maximum convenience of travelers. AirTreks also recently announced that it would be accepting bitcoin as payments through BitPay, CoPay, and Bitcoin.com, among other wallets.This Spanish chain of hotels has been accepting bitcoins using BitPay in two of the locations based in Madrid. There are new branches in Barcelona, Seville, and Valencia, where bitcoins will be accepted as well.Brokers have been widely accepting bitcoin deposits all over the world. In fact, a few of them are also allowing the withdrawal of funds in bitcoin. The list of popular brokers that have integrated a new form of payment system is below:Founded in 2008, FX Choice offers brokers service through MT4 and MT5 trading platforms. They accept Bitcoin payments for deposits.FinPro trading, the UK-based ECN broker, is offering Direct FIX connectivity to important liquidity pools for investors. It offers numerous trading instruments on desktop-, web-, and mobile-based platforms. The broker accepts Bitcoins payment for deposits and withdrawals. Also, FinPro Trading charges no fee on Bitcoin transactions; in fact, they reimburse all fees charged by banks for conversion of fiat currency to bitcoins.InstaForex has been operating in the forex market since 2007 and has a massive customer base. It is an award-winning broker, offering multiple assets for trade along with forex. The broker offers 100% bonus on initial deposit. InstaForex recently announced they will accept bitcoin payments for deposits and withdrawals.Based in London, Turnkey Forex initially began business providing investment advice for institutional investors. However, they later started brokerage services for the clients with advance trading instruments and user-friendly platform. They accept bitcoin payment with a no-cost deposit policy. Bitcoin and VPN’s both enhance anonymity, and several VPNs are now accepting payments in bitcoin:Nord VPN is based in Panama and offers great privacy for its users while delivering superior performance and speed. They offer a three-day trial along with a 30-day money back guarantee that everything works to the customer’s satisfaction. Along with other payment options, Nord VPN also accepts payment in cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin.Express VPN is great for streaming and is very fast, offering unlimited downloading and secure 256-bit encryption. It also offers a 30-day money back guarantee. It offers an easy-to-use VPN service compatible with Windows, Mac, iOS, Linux, Android, and more. They accept many payment methods including PayPal, credit cards, and bitcoin for their VPN services.This VPN service provider is based in Romania and comes with plenty of features and easy-to-use software. They have a great logging policy and provide friendly and quick live chat options. The best part is that they accept bitcoin currency as payment for their services.AirVPN offers full security and complete anonymity for its users as well as powerful security and privacy features such as killswitch, which prevents apps in the devices from accessing the Internet if the link to the VPN server loses connectivity. They do not provide any logs and users are required to set up an account before paying and accessing their VPN services. AirVPN also accepts bitcoin payment amongst other payment methods.Bullet VPN offers fast and secure VPN advantages and high speed to its users. They have a large global network of servers and they strive to provide the best customer support service. They provide a 30-day money back guarantee and offer secure payment mechanisms through Paypal, credit cards, and bitcoins.Private Internet Access offers state-of-the-art security and advanced privacy protection through the VPN tunneling mechanism. Their services may be used to operate at the TCP/IP level which makes the applications all the more secure. They accept bitcoin payment for their services via bitcoin wallet programs which must be locally installed on the user’s system.E-commerce companies are among the greatest beneficiaries of blockchain technologies and cryptocurrencies. Below is the list of E-commerce companies where you can buy all electronic products through digital coins:This leading e-commerce company is renowned for allowing merchants to sell products via online shops. In 2015, Shopify enabled a bitcoin payments option which allowed merchants to receive payments through the popular BitPay.Etsy, a leading e-commerce website, offers vintage, hand-made, and manufactured items covering a wide range of clothing, jewelry, photography, and bath, and beauty products. Etsy allows its sellers to accept bitcoin as payment on their website. However, it lacks an automated system by which sellers can accept bitcoins.This Japanese retail giant announced that it would be accepting bitcoin payments from global marketplaces through its payment processor, Bitnet. Rakutan is one of the largest retail forms which has joined the ranks of other retail brands such as Newegg and Overstock in accepting cryptocurrency as a form of payment from its customers.Due to significant dependence on online clients, the percentage of web hosting companies that accept bitcoin is quickly increasing. The list of web hosting websites where you can buy domains and other material with virtual currencies is below:Namecheap is one of the oldest and widely known web services providers and boasts approximately 1 million customers across the world. They are also an ICANN accredited registrar that offers domains with different types of web hosting including WordPress web hosting, VPS hosting, and reseller hosting.Since 2013, NameCheap has been accepting bitcoin payments in addition to other traditional modes of payment.In the video below you can see a transaction in action using Bread wallet on Namecheap. (Check out our Breadwallet review for more on that!) HostingerHostinger is a well-known web services company; operating since 2004, they offer affordable to intermediate-priced hosting services through shared hosting and other plans. Hostinger also accepts bitcoin payment for its hosting services.Hostwinds is a popular web hosting service company that accepts bitcoin and other digital currencies as a form of payment. Hostwinds has been operating in the hosting industry since 2010 and provides services such as shared hosting, business hosting, reseller hosting, and managed Windows/Linux, etc.Bitcoin Web Hosting is the new platform established to help bitcoin community. It is a perfect platform for service providers that accept bitcoin payments and keeps the privacy of the owner. If you want privacy, anonymity, and a variety of hosting options, this company could help in expanding your business.This decade-old hosting company is popular for offering a variety of web hosting services. They have extensive business footprints in Asia, Europe, Africa, and America. Host1Plus accepts Bitcoin payment for their services around the world.Buyers and sellers are accepting bitcoin as a payment method on several auction websites. The list of popular websites is below:Within the Reddit subthread ‘Bitmarket,’ which includes a community of 9.8K people, all deal payments in digital form. They primarily accept bitcoin payment.Bitify is one of the largest auction sites; the platform allows users to trade items for Bitcoin in a P2P marketplace. The site has also set bitcoin escrow service, which affords users security in their purchases and/or sales. This escrow service provides 30 days buyer protection with a money-back feature which ensures buyers may purchase products securely with a full guarantee that they will get what they paid for. Bitify has completed more than $6m in transactions this year, with 75,000 items sold through its escrow service.If you want to visit a one stop shop auction site, TripleClicks.com is for you. It features regular auctions similar to eBay, and has created its own penny auction feature, called Pricebenders. You must purchase their ‘TCredits’ if you wish to participate in auctions. They accept Bitcoin payment for the purchase of TCredits.Ubid is quite different; it allows its five million plus users to compete for items through an online auction. In addition, users don’t have purchase bid packs in order to participate in auctions. The winner of the auction is required to pay for a bid pack once the auction is complete and other bidders lose nothing for their participation in the auction. In addition to other methods, Ubid accepts bitcoin payment.Music sites are not lagging far behind in adopting bitcoin. Below is the list of music websites that accept the new form of money:EMWiRES only accepts bitcoin. It offers a CD and music department, and the site is very accessible. The company has dedicated to updating its departments and products according to the changing needs of consumers.Dark Ambient Radio is an online streaming platform which offers handcrafted streams from only the finest, darkest tracks. Its first compilation CD is now available for 1 BTC.Long Player is designed as a self-extending, non-repeating composition of Jem Finer, and is expected to continue for 1000 years (starting 2002).Tradebit, the world’s largest download store with over 2 million downloads, is accepting bitcoin payment. It is a secure digital content marketplace which allows users to sell and buy downloadable products through its website.Bittunes was developed to create a global music system. It recently launched an Android app that allows artists with the rights to music to share sales revenue with their fans, through Bitcoin. The app is available in 100 countries and currently has a million users.Many dating websites are accepting bitcoin to improve customers requests for new payment methods. Below is the list of dating sites where you can use bitcoin:This is one of the biggest online dating sites which offers free registration and its own algorithm which claims to find a member’s most suitable match. It has more than 35 million active users who have had the option for bitcoin payments since 2013.Badoo.com is a large social networking site for dating, with over 348 million users across 190 countries. Badoo accepts payments across different platforms including Android, mobile, and Blackberry. Badoo.com processes hundreds of various world-currencies daily; these have included bitcoin payments since 2015.Luxy.com is mainly targeted at high-profile members including millionaires, celebrities, supermodels, and heads of companies. Users of this site are required to have a minimum salary of $200,000 and their accounts must be verified. They accept bitcoin as a method of payment.The interest for adult websites is ever increasing on the internet and bitcoin is proving to be true ‘internet money.’ The list of adult websites where you can use bitcoin is below:One of the leading adult entertainment providers, Naughty America offers high-quality porn

Essay/ Anthropology Millions of Zimbabwean Dollars. By 2009, hyperinflation had rendered the currency worthless. Photo by Robin Hammond/Panos Riches beyond belief If you want to know what money is, dont ask a banker. Take a leap of faith and start your own currency Brett Scott Millions of Zimbabwean Dollars. By 2009, hyperinflation had rendered the currency worthless. Photo by Robin Hammond/Panos Brett Scott writes about financial activism and social and environmental finance. He is the author of The Heretics Guide to Global Finance (2013). Brought to you by curio.io, an Aeon partner 4,200 words Edited by Ed Lake Syndicate this Essay Get the Aeon newsletter: daily/weekly updates on everything new at Aeon Daily Weekly I dont have much money. Then again, I couldnt say exactly how much I do have. In the Cooperative Banks IT system is a database entry that says I have 97 in electronic money. In my wallet I have three 10 notes, pieces of paper with pictures of the Queen on them, issued by the Bank of England, promising me 30. I have six pieces of metal, too copper-nickel alloy and nickel-plated steel, to be exact valued at 59 pence in total. So thats 127.59.My wallet also contains a 5 Brixton Pound note a local currency found only in the south London neighbourhood where I live which I got as change from a local bar called Kaff. On my mobile phone is a series of text messages telling me that I have B39.61 on my online Brixton Pound account. This is electronic money stored in a database, sent to me by local residents to pay for copies of a book I wrote. If I open my computer, there is a programme called MultiBit that connects to a distributed computer file called the blockchain. It contains a record that says I have 3.8462 BTC or bitcoins: I earned them selling the book to people in Israel, the USA, Sweden, the Netherlands, Switzerland and New Zealand via an exchange called BitPay.Thats not all. I have a Totnes Pound, 20 South African rand, and a couple of hours saved up on a timebanking platform. Its possible that I have other money, too but that depends on what you mean by money. The authorities have their own view of what counts as legal tender, or real money but, even so, the definition has been controversial since antiquity. One of the most interesting sections in the British Museum is a display of counterfeit coins not real according to the powers that be, but frequently real enough to the people who used them.I, too, was once a counterfeit of sorts. A left-wing chancer with a background in anthropology, I immersed myself for two years in the financial sector, styling myself as whatever a derivatives broker is supposed to be. I wanted to uncover what exactly goes on in networks of power, to experience those dynamics first-hand, like a kind of gonzo journalist. For the most part, the work involved trying to peddle giant bets known as swaps and options contracts to various investors, banks and corporations. In the process of doing it, though, I stopped being a counterfeit and started becoming a real broker, internalising the cultural codes of high finance. I was thrown out in 2010, and ever since then Ive been fascinated with developing other ways in which one might go about exploring, rewiring and playing with the financial system.How can a piece of paper store 10 pounds of value? What are pounds anyway?The trouble is, while my experiences in mainstream finance taught me a lot about what the industry does, they only gave me glimpses into the nature of the mysterious stuff it does it with. The financial system exists, above all, to mediate flows of money, not to question what money is. Investment banks create financial instruments that steer money from one place to another, with built-in sub-conduits to siphon it back extractive devices used by investors. To draw an analogy with computer coding, we might say that financial instruments are analogous to high-level programming languages such as Java or Ruby: they let you string commands together in order to perform certain actions. You want to get resources from A to B over time? Well, we can program a financial instrument to do that for you.By contrast, money itself is more like a low-level programming language, very hard to see or to understand but closer to gritty reality. Its like your computers machine code, interfacing with the hardware: even the experts take it for granted. You might need to explain to someone what a bond is, but nobody is ever taught what money is. We just see it in action and learn how to use it. Indeed, the only way you ever tend to get a glimpse of it is in relief, by contrast with another programming language or when youre forced to build it again from scratch.Most people never get this opportunity. If you had to ask the average person in the financial industry to explain what money is, theyd probably rattle off the economics textbook description: a means of exchange, a unit of account, and store of value. This is not a very helpful definition. How can a piece of paper store 10 pounds of value? What are pounds anyway? Money sounds like its an ordinary noun, a self-contained object. If it is a physical object, it must be paper or metal or digits on a computer. And yet, very few of us think a 5 note is merely a piece of paper: the same idea of 5 can be expressed in electronic or metal form, after all.No, to delve deeper into the nature of exchange we need some first principles, and these take time to uncover. The best guides in this half-lit territory turn out to be not economists, but rather the loose bands of monetary mystics and iconoclasts who are developing strange new exchange technologies. They are a scattered tribe, with elders including the likes of Bernard Lietaer, Ellen Brown and Thomas Greco, sages passing on tips on how to breach the Monetary Matrix. I find myself sitting in a pub in Stockwell, south London, with Matthew Slater, a nomadic developer of open-source currency systems, and discover that he no longer bothers with a bank account or a fixed address. Once youve broken through appearances, he says, theres no going back.I was introduced to Slater by a common friend named Jem Bendell. The two of them met in an Indian hippy colony called Auroville in Tamil Nadu, and Bendell is now a professor of sustainability leadership at the University of Cumbria and an undercover monetary revolutionary. I have an enduring memory of a TED talk in which he ripped a banknote into pieces, trying to make the point that the paper itself doesnt have value. Everyone in the room winced, as if to say: You could have given that to me!, but Bendell was getting at a powerful idea.If money is an object, it must be an enchanted one, charged up with value by a subtle cultural process. Why else would anyone exchange a box of coffee for a rectangle of paper? Shopkeepers accept the paper because they believe that it has abstract value because, in turn, they believe that others believe it, too. The value is circular, predicated on each person believing that others believe in it. You hand over your money and claim something from the shopkeeper, almost as if the coffee were owed to you. Then they take the claim that was previously yours and use it to claim something from someone else. We all trust each other to value money but this still means that every monetary transaction is a leap of faith. And faith has to be carefully maintained.The idea that money rests on belief makes some people uncomfortable. Theres a popular assumption that money emerged, in some dimly imagined past, out of barter that it was just a more precise means to make direct exchanges. Mainstream economists still trot out this explanation, although anthropologists such as David Graeber have shown that there is little evidence for it. Its a reassuring myth, one that obscures the deep difference between barter and monetary exchange. In the former, nothing is left unresolved and no faith is required. Its a closed circuit, a like-for-like swap. By contrast, money transactions are never closed; you pass on an abstract, faith-based claim in exchange for a tangible good. At any given moment, the economy consists of only a limited number of actual goods and services, which people attempt to claim with money. If there are too many claims floating about, then the underlying value allocated to each one must decrease. This is what we call inflation, and it is a source of permanent anxiety in monetary communities. Which brings us to our first major psychological lever for maintaining faith in money: how the money is created.Banknotes in the early 19th-century US often used to trade at a discount to metal coins. People distrusted them, and the ability of those who controlled their production to make as many as they wanted; there was something comforting about the hard metallic certainty of coins and their obvious connection to scarce metals. Remnants of this mentality are still found in goldbugs and sound money advocates, people who think that gold and other precious metals have an intrinsic value lacking in government-backed electronic or paper money. When central banks issue more money (which commercial banks subsequently amplify via fractional reserve banking), the goldbugs shout: Cant you all see that government money is madness! Run to gold!Its the dissidents who seem mad, while the people swapping useful goods for bits of metal, paper or meaningless electronic data look perfectly saneBut gold is no more intrinsically valuable than official government money. It fails the desert island test of value: would you want it if you were stranded alone somewhere remote? All it really has is beauty and scarcity, plus an ancient cultural link with the idea of currency. Gold reveals the basic tension in the textbook definition of money the idea that it can be both a store of value and a means of exchange. For the most part, when something is truly valuable in itself, people are disinclined to part with it (why swap rum for something else when you can just drink it?). The monetary enchantment appears to work best when its tokens merely appear valuable, while containing no true value. Thats how you convince people both to accept them and to give them away, rather than consuming them.And so the second trick to making money believable depends on how it appears. The British Museum is full of the kind of shiny trinkets with which vainglorious monarchs liked to parade around a whole aspirational structure imprinted into useless metals and cowrie shells. Seashells and golden baubles like these are excellently suited for widespread exchange: you might not be able to do much with them, but theyre easy enough to keep and powerful people appear to collect them, which is good enough for most of us. Do such artefacts store value? Of course not. Thats just a socially sanctioned pretence, a pragmatic, covert, wink-wink, lets-not-talk-about-this charade. Nevertheless, over time, the fantasy becomes such a deep habit that no one person can stand up and point out the absurdity of the situation. At that point, its the dissidents who seem mad, while the people swapping useful goods for bits of metal, paper or meaningless electronic data look perfectly sane.This gives us our third major psychological prop to the monetary faith: what are the sanctions for not using it? If enough people believe in it, you will lose out if you dont follow suit. Similar network effects arise with social platforms such as Facebook in theory, you can opt out, but only if you dont mind the penalty of social exclusion. Whats more, when integrated into a national legal system and backed by the threat of violence, the sanctions for dissent become rather persuasive. At the unsubtle end of the spectrum, the monarch may simply throw you in jail for not using her preferred currency.Still, as the government of Zimbabwe learnt the hard way, you cannot order people to believe in money if the underlying story isnt convincing enough. In 2008, cultural belief in the Zimbabwe dollar began to evaporate (a process euphemistically known as hyperinflation). The underlying economic activity in the country based largely on agriculture was falling into disarray. Despite strenuous attempts at coercion, the government was eventually forced to turn to hard foreign currencies, more convincingly backed by robust economies. By 2009, the process of disenchantment was complete: the Zimbabwe dollar was dead. A newspaper called The Zimbabwean started running ads printed on the old notes, saying: Its cheaper to print this on money than paper.Money is a complex cultural technology. Sometimes it breaks down, but that just gives us all the more reason to tinker with its blueprints. Each new system, though, will have its own psychological side effects and trade-offs. We know what mainstream currencies such as the US dollar are good for: overcoming barriers between buyers and sellers who dont particularly know or trust each other. The trouble is, by reducing the need for personal trust relationships, mainstream money encourages social atomisation, to the point where arms-length purchasing starts to seem like the only valid kind of transaction. Look at the obsession economists have with measuring gross domestic product in monetary terms. GDP is supposed to reflect what is created in society, but if my grandad builds me a table in his workshop, its not included in GDP, and if I buy a table in Ikea, it is. The former is not considered valid production, whereas the latter is. That is arbitrary, and obviously something has gone wrong.The problem might be that mainstream money is simply too efficient. It numbs people into forgetting that its a socially pragmatic delusion, and so we take it for granted, just as we take oxygen for granted. But oxygen is vital for our survival, whereas money is only an intermediary tool, cushioning us from the base-level economic production that actually sustains us. Theres an ecological dimension to this, of course, which is my overriding concern. Our ability to exchange without knowing where things come from blinds us to the real core of the economy: not money, but the physical things we must wrench from the ground by human effort, which is underpinned by agricultural systems, and energised by sunlight, water and soil.The more we abstract and fetishise money as a thing in itself, the more we lose sight of its sources and its goals. We get confused, and feel disempowered relative to those who wield larger flows of it. Sealed off from inquiry in its hermetic shell, money distorts our perceptions of one another. We cant seem to remember that it is merely one means of exchange among many. What energies would we unleash if we were to break open that opaque shell and split the monetary atom?The recording of the transaction in the cloud appears as nothing more than a series of numbers on my computer, yet there I am, putting the physical book in the postI dont suggest that we start suspiciously eying the change handed back to us in shops. Coins are designed to be symbolic and abstract, and perhaps thats required. What we need though, is the right kind of doublethink, a carefully managed form of cognitive dissonance that allows us to see the centuries of real technological change that lie behind them, the oil and dirt and oceanic dragnets, the limestone blast furnaces and neon lighting systems and chemicals synthesised from fossilised trees. Perhaps we can tinker with the word money itself. Its a mass noun, like youd use for some kind of tangible substance, and it makes money sound like a thing-in-itself. As a kind of mental discipline, I prefer to use a different word: COGAS. It stands for claims on goods and services, which is all money really is. And now I have a word that describes itself, as opposed to one that actively hides its own reality. It sounds trivial, but the linguistic process works a subtle psychological loop, referring money to the world outside itself. Its a simple way to start peeling back the faade.To go deeper, we need to start actually experimenting with alternatives. Money, we know, is a technology, and it can be designed for different purposes always for exchange, of course, but with auxiliary characteristics. To uncover and experience these characteristics, I actively play around with as many esoteric currencies as possible. For example, Ive sold 17 copies of my book with Bitcoin, an electronic crypto-currency that captured the public imagination earlier this year. Its is a fascinating experiment, and one of the first alternative currencies to reach any significant scale without the help of legal backing.Friends got involved with Bitcoin a few years ago when it still seemed almost entirely ethereal. They talked a lot about Bitcoins elegant and robust design, but in my opinion, it got much of its initial boost simply because it seemed so cool, rebellious, mysterious and novel. To my eye, it has a certain offbeat, grimy digital aesthetic, like electronic graffiti. Now, as more people enter the scene, Bitcoin is solidifying into a monetary reality. An entire community has grown up around digital signatures, imbuing them with imagined value, giving the currency a life of its own that eventually extends far beyond the initial in-group. If doubt can destroy a currency, then a cultlike process of evangelical faith-building can create one.Bitcoin has one very interesting attribute and, to understand it, we should look to the theoretical disagreement between the Enlightenment political philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Hobbes was a pessimist. In order to escape the war of all against all that he believed was the natural state of human existence, he thought that individuals ought to submit to the will of a central sovereign who could act as arbitrator in disputes. Weve traditionally associated this with political authoritarianism, but it also serves quite well as a description of mainstream money. Most of our money nowadays is electronic, stored in an oligopoly of private banks that are themselves connected via a central bank. We rely on these institutions to keep an accurate score of our electronic money. Brett has 97, they say. Trust us, we have it recorded in our IT database.Rousseau had the radical idea that Hobbess arbitrator neednt be a single dictator or oligarchy. Instead, it could be the collective, or the general will. So it goes with Bitcoin. In place of a centralised, hierarchical group of banks keeping score of the money, a decentralised network of individuals records every transaction on a virtual ledger called the blockchain. Brett has 3.8462 BTC, the network says. Weve collectively kept score of that. In this scenario, my account balance is less like the ruling of a sovereign and more like the result of a popular democratic vote, mediated via a computer network.In normal, bank-mediated electronic transactions, someone tells their bank to send money to your bank and then the banks edit the buyers and sellers account balances to reflect the transaction. Its a strange feeling, then, to accept an electronic payment with no banks involved, then pack a book into a parcel and write an address in America on it simply because someone announced to a network of strangers that they had paid me. The recording of the transaction in the cloud appears as nothing more than a series of numbers on my computer, yet there I am, putting the physical book in the post.Why do I do it? I accept bitcoins for the same reason that I accept normal money. Mainstream money is used to replace a specific trust relationship with a general one. I take British pounds from a specific person because I trust that I can exchange those pounds for something else within the general British pound-using community. Likewise, I take the bitcoins from the specific buyer because I trust that the broader Bitcoin community will accept them from me in exchange for something of intrinsic value. The main departure from normal electronic money is that Bitcoin uses a decentralised network in place of a central hierarchy. The advantages are anonymity, a sense of freedom and, it has been argued, a more resilient system.Indeed, Bitcoin has become especially popular with libertarian anarcho-capitalists because its supply is regulated, not by the government or the private banking oligarchy but by apolitical mathematical protocols. Theoretically, anyone can make new ones, but its a very time-consuming technical process and the operation can only ever be performed a finite number of times, a bit like gold mining. For this reason, bitcoins are naturally scarce. Inevitably, Bitcoin evangelists often fall into the trap of thinking that the value of their favoured currency must somehow be more real than that of government-backed money, just like goldbugs do. In fact, all it means is that one form of monetary faith has replaced another.If digital currencies such as Bitcoin attempt to spread exchange to a global level, local currencies aim to concentrate economic energy into a small space. My Brixton Pounds, and other local currencies, such as the Bristol Pound and the Toronto Dollar, are only redeemable within local neighbourhoods. Where Bitcoin seeks to attack the centralising tendency of a nation state, the Brixton Pound is a (gentle) attack on structures that undermine local community resilience.Part of the essence of the Brixton Pound is its deliberate inconvenience. Were used to thinking that absence of friction must be a virtue in any transaction, but a local economy thrives on inconvenience. Chance encounters in the street market help to bind a community together and give it richness of character. We lose all that when we opt for the robotic mediocrity of the automatic till and debit-card reader. Its a fine balance, of course, and the Brixton Pound recently added a pay-by-text system that combines the ease of electronic payment with the richness of local exchange. I still have to hand-deliver the books I sell that way knocking on the door of a guy called Rico who writes a food blog, having a chat, getting to know someone I didnt know before. The inconvenience is where the connection comes in. Who knows? Maybe that apparently inefficient method of hand-delivery could lead to a productive new relationship. Hey Rico, I need someone to cater an event, can you help me out? Extreme efficiency of exchange, in other words, might come at the cost of developing new business contacts.Then theres my friend Matthew Slater, who has developed an open-source software package that allows you to start a whole range of different currencies. Would you like it time-based, commodity-based, mutual credit, or fiat? His package can do it all. Its like a Swiss army knife of options. In this, perhaps we can see one vision for the future of money a future based on diversity, where we can move in and out of exchange technologies as we need. And perhaps only a handful of different monetary systems are required. Local currencies such as the Brixton Pound are about localising, whereas digital currencies such as Bitcoin are about decentralising and internationalising. Meanwhile, so-called demurrage currencies deliberately engineered to lose value over time are about energising the volume of transactions, as people have no incentive to hoard them. Freicoin, for example, is an attempt to create a demurrage version of Bitcoin, neutralising the hoarding impulse built into Bitcoins psychological structure. Then there are timebanks community systems where people directly exchange labour time, which is about humanising and reconnecting exchange.Increasing the diversity of monetary technologies doesnt only have the potential to create more resilient economies. It is also empowering. Perceiving a choice (especially when it is limited) is generally a good thing, leading to richer, more self-directed experience: I have chosen to use this technology of exchange for this particular purpose. The alternative is unconscious acceptance of a dominant monoculture one that, even if it is stable, is psychologically destructive (or, at the very least, dull).I have fewer Brixton COGASs now than when I started this article, fewer claims on goods and services. I drank three coffees in Kaff, claiming them by B text message, and the caffeine has sent my thoughts spiralling in all directions. For example, its all very well having these alternative currencies, but perhaps what I need is a Brixton Pound savings account, a way to pass on my stored up B to someone else who might use them. I need higher-level programming. Imagine financial instruments and micro-investment banks situated in a local community, steering local currencies into local projects via Brixton bonds and community shares. And think of this: young people from the local area could run it. Screw Cityboys when we can have inner-city boys.The micro-investment banking revolution will come in due course. And who knows, maybe one day even ordinary bankers will understand the nature of the money they so confidently claim to control. Theyre behind the curve though. Its the monetary mystics who are on the cusp of a wave. In my in-box is a message from Eli Gothill, the designer of the Twitter gift currency #PunkMoney. He tells me about a peer-to-peer payments system called Ripple. It could be the next big thing, he says. I sign up and receive 1000 free Ripples, and I have no idea what that means. Subscribe to our newsletter Get daily/weekly updates on everything new at Aeon. Daily Weekly Syndicate this Essay Anthropology Economics Making All topics Brett Scott writes about financial activism and social and environmental finance. He is the author of The Heretics Guide to Global Finance (2013). aeon.co 28 August, 2013

Please do not replace or remove without starting a new thread. Token Black and Token Crip. The Token Minority is a character designed to get more minority groups into the plot. This serves several purposes: Allows the producers of the show to broaden the appeal of the show by giving more viewers protagonists they can identify with. Is useful for bringing in discussions of racial issues, gender issues or homophobia into the plot. Helps the producers feel a little better about using a Scary Minority Suspect in every other case. Allows the producers to make race jokes related to minority without any shame. Allows the producers to avoid criticism from minority groups. Fulfills the executives' desire for the show to be more ethnically respectful. Depending on the setting, it can merely be an accurate representation of demographics in that region or industry. In some casts of animal, alien, or monster characters, World of Funny Animals or not, there is a majority species and one or more minority species. Often the majority of the animal cast is made up of mammals and there is a token non-mammal. Usually, the token non-mammal is a bird, but reptiles, amphibians, and even invertebrates are certainly not unheard of. Sometimes, there are token Petting Zoo People in a group of Funny Animal /Civilized Animal tier animals. Sometimes, there are token animals, aliens, or monsters representing ethnic minorities in a group made of supposedly "white" ones. You might see this term used derisively in most contexts. This isn't out of contempt for minorities; this trope simply causes problems with representation, where, for example, the single black guy is forced to be exemplary of his entire race. This is very likely to lead to Positive Discrimination and make him The Scrappy . If there are instead four minorities (assuming a sizable cast), they can all have different strengths and flaws which round them out and make them generally equal to the rest of the cast. Taking this approach, Unfortunate Implications are unlikely to happen unless you somehow subject them all to the same stereotypes. You can even have one be explicitly antagonistic. However, this can be Truth in Television in cases where the prevalence of the minority, combined with the size of the cast and the demographics of the setting make it genuinely unlikely that there will be more than one member of the minority present (not that this would justify stereotypes, but it would justify having only one minority). For instance, a show set in rural Maine would strain credulity if its cast of five main characters included multiple racial minorities (simply because rural Maine is overwhelmingly white), and a show set in the American Bible Belt would have a hard time convincingly justifying multiple self-professed atheists in a cast of ten (unless a major theme of the show is nonconformity or religious/atheist tensions). Compare Captain Ethnic , Token Nonhuman , Token Human , Token Enemy Minority , Token Minority Couple , Token White , Twofer Token Minority , Five-Token Band , Informed Judaism , Black Vikings , Black Best Friend , and The Smurfette Principle . Examples: open/close all folders Advertising TV Ads in Australia sometimes have this (especially in "hip" young thing products like Coke). May have 1 Asian Woman, 1 African Woman, 1 White Girl, 2 White Guys and 1 Aboriginal or Middle Eastern Male. Target ads are particularly well-known for this. There will always be one blonde white girl, one brunette white girl, one Asian girl and one black girl. Always. University brochures also do this. You'll always see at least one black person and Asian person for every two white people. In brochures for traditionally black schools, there's a token white on every page. Further proof that Covers Always Lie. A controversy erupted after it was revealed that a photograph used to adorn the front of a University of Wisconsin-Madison undergraduate application booklet for the 2001-02 school year was altered to add the image of a black student among a sea of white faces. A Veet ad has this. When they state that eight out of ten women were happy with the product, they showed a lineup of eight women with one of them being black. Curiously, they are all dubbed over with the same voice. Anime & Manga Poor Hans, in The Daughter of Twenty Faces, is seemingly the only non-Japanese member of a group of burglars led by Gentleman Thief "Twenty-Faces" that is ostensibly a globe-trotting organization. He often uses Gratuitous German, to boot. Super Dimension Fortress Macross/Robotech had Claudia Grant/Claudia LaSalle, apparently the only black woman on the entire ship. Super Dimension Cavalry Southern Cross had Bowie Emerson, seemingly the only black man on the entire planet Glorie. In Robotech, he was re-written to be Claudia's nephew (and given a new surname of "Grant"). Rakshata and Viletta of Code Geass, as they're the only Non-white/Chinese/Japanese characters of any plot importance, and of the two, Rakshata is the one who gets played in a more positive light. Of the others, we have a supposedly elite pilot who dies mere seconds after she first appears on screen, and King. And Nunnally fits in to the paraplegic category. Mobile Suit Gundam 00: In the first season of Gundam 00, Daryl Dodge has the honor of being the only black person at all. He's also killed off in episode 23. Season 2 does introduce another black man as president of the Earth Sphere Federation, although that might be more to reflect the real world than tokenism. However, he has little impact on the plot. A minor example with Setsuna F Seiei-whilst he does appear to fit this trope both within Celestial Being and in the wider Gundam metaverse in regards to protagonists, his middle eastern homeland forms a two episode story arc in the first season and plays a large role in his interactions with the princess of a neighbouring country. However, the middle eastern aspects of the story only serve to represent the region and 21st century problems to Japanese audiences, and beyond that, has no real importance to the story as the series progresses. Mobile Suit Gundam 0080: War in the Pocket has Professor Lunland as the sole black character, and Gabriel as the sole Latino. Mobile Suit Gundam ZZ has the black Shinta and Ambiguously Brown Qum, but that's about it. Later in the show, Judau ended up befriending a young pilot from Africa, but his time on the show was very brief. Simon is the only black character in Durarara!!, though a black gangster is also seen in the episode "Heaven's Vengeance". It's also implied that minor character Tom Tanaka might be part black, though it's never clarified either way. Sailor Moon: Elza Gray was the only black character in Sailor Moon. There was also the Ambiguously Brown Sailor Pluto, depicted as noticeably dark-skinned in comparison to other Senshi, and moreso in the manga. Some say she's of Romani descent. Indian student Akira is the only non-Japanese member of the main cast of Tsuritama. Kate, the grandmother of one of the other protagonists, is French, while several black and Arabic members appear in the show's villainous Cosmopolitan Council. Bob from Tenjho Tenge would count as this. He's the sole black member of the otherwise Japanese cast. Similarly, Central High's Vice President is the only black character in Daily Lives of High School Boys. Understandable since the series is set in a small Japanese town, and usually it tends to be large cities that take part in student exchange programs with other countries. Yasutora "Chad" Sado in Bleach is half-Japanese, half-Latino in an otherwise manga-typical all-Japanese cast. Jun Hono, the half-black, half-Japanese pilot from Great Mazinger and Mazinkaiser. Jose Rodriguez, the nerdy Afro-Latino doctor from Kyo Kara Maoh! Mikasa from Attack on Titan is one of the very few Asians alive, if not the last one, at the time of the story. She serves as a deconstruction; she's a token minority because her mother's people have been nearly wiped out. The fandom sometimes jokingly speculates that she's the beneficiary of Conservation of Ninjutsu because of this, resulting in Positive Discrimination. It's ultimately subverted when we find out that Levi's surname is Ackerman, indicating that Mikasa's badass qualities are inherited from her European father's lineage, not her Asian mother's. Choe Gu-Sung from Psycho-Pass is the only Korean character in a series that takes place in Japan. In Saki, an inversion happens for Rinkai, whose mahjong team is otherwise composed of transfer students. Satoha, the vanguard player, is the only Japanese member of the team, partly because of the rules requiring a Japanese player as vanguard, and partly because she is the ace. Played straight with Aislinn of Miyamori's team, who is from New Zealand and is on an otherwise entirely Japanese team. Fullmetal Alchemist: The Conqueror of Shamballa takes place in early 20th century Germany. Of the main characters Noah is the only non-white character, being Romani. Audio Play Lampshaded in The Firesign Theatre's "High School Madness" sketch, from the album Don't Crush That Dwarf, Hand Me the Pliers, where Mexican-American students come out of nowhere just to ask the white protagonist for advice (then promptly disappear). Comic Books Adam Brashear, the Blue Marvel who featured in the eponymous mini series of 2009, represents a rather awkward representation of this trope. He is for all intents and purposes (in the context of the story) a Black Superman from a time when the adjective was quite emphatically capitalized. And applied as a noun. It doesn't help that even without his powers, Brashear is a super-man - an athlete, military hero and scientific genius who gained ultra-super-powers when the experimental anti-matter reactor he was creating exploded. For about a year, he was the primary hero of the Marvel Universe (perhaps coincidentally around the same time the Sentry was supposedly very successful), but then it was discovered he was black, which immediately led to outrage and uproar among both black and white communities, until the President (JFK) gave the Blue Marvel the Congressional Medal of Honor and told him to quit being a superhero. Which he did until the present day. He is now a member if the Mighty Avengers. Under the "women as minorities" category (which, in superhero comics, they definitely were until much later and in many books still are) every superhero team used to have exactly one female member. The Avengers had The Wasp (later replaced by the Scarlet Witch), the Fantastic Four had the Invisible Girl (later Invisible Woman), the Justice League had Wonder Woman (or the Black Canary, depending on when you asked), the Teen Titans had Wonder Girl, the original X-Men had Marvel Girl, and the second team of X-Men had Storm (who was also, for quite a while, the only black X-Man. She joined the team along with Sunfire, a Japanese man who left almost immediately, and Thunderbird, a Native American man who died almost immediately, making her also the only active non-white X-Man for a good while). All those teams except the FF tend to have more female members these days (though the JLA goes through periods of focusing on D.C.'s "Big 7" wherein Wonder Woman is the only female member) and some have gone through stretches where the women outnumbered the men. Blindside in the comic series Relative Heroes. Notable in that the series was about a family of superheroes, and Blindside was explained as having been adopted in order to justify having a black kid as part of the main cast. The Justice League goes back in forth on this, with some eras (such as the Meltzer and McDuffie years) having very diverse casts, while others, like the James Robinson run, were criticized for having no minority members whatsoever. During the New 52 relaunch, Cyborg was retconned into being the sole non-white founding member of the original team, presumably to make up for the extended periods of whiteness. Lampshaded in Grant Morrison's JLA run. Plastic Man jokingly states that Steel can't quit the Justice League because then the team would lose its only minority member. Archie Comics: In order to keep up with changing American trends, the comic added some ethnic characters in the 70's: African-Americans Coach Clayton, his son Chuck (who, like many Africans of the day, sported a righteous 'fro) and Chuck's girlfriend Nancy, as well as the Hispanic Frankie Valdez & his girlfriend Maria. As of 2010, the former three continue to appear quite regularly (and Chuck has naturally lost the 'fro). The latter two, not so much. The company later introduced Kevin Keller, the first gay character in the series. Kevin was met with backlash by some conservative Christian groups but his debut issues sold very well and he was even given his own mini-series. Later Archie comics have also introduced some other minority characters, including Ginger Lopez (who works for a teen fashion magazine) and Raj Patel (an Indian student interested in film). Ginger shows up fairly regularly (moreso than Maria). In Archie Comics (2015) Jughead is asexual. He's the only known ace character. Debuting in 52, Batwoman managed to provoke a Broken Base even before this due to press releases touting her as DC's first lesbian hero, who would be receiving DC's full support. Then DC promptly didn't do anything with her outside the series for over a year (and even in the series, she received little attention, as she was more supporting cast for her girlfriend, Renee Montoya). In all that time, she had very little storyline, so her characterization was mostly as a closeted lesbian and a Jew. When she came back in her own series, she was retconned into having a much more butch look and having come out several years before her first appearance. The Falcon was this in-universe. He was added to The Avengers because Gyrich insisted that the team should have more black members; he didn't actually want to join. According to Christopher Priest, Falcon's nickname in the Marvel offices throughout the 70s and early 80s was "Fal-coon". No, Priest wasn't alright with it, though being a lowly intern at the time, he didn't raise a big stink. In his blog, he refuses to name the co-workers who used it for fear of burning his bridges. Years later, Triathlon served the exact same role (again, in-universe) during Kurt Busiek's run. Later iterations of the team were thankfully more diverse. Rage also had bits of this in his debut story. He was given a spot on the Avengers line-up after picking a fight with Captain America over the lack of minority heroes on the team. Empress was the sole minority member of the original Young Justice team, and was added relatively late into the run after some complaints about the Monochromatic makeup of the cast. Lampshaded in Peter Milligan's X-Force run with Anarchist, a black superhero who opposes the decision to add another black member to the team. His reasoning? Since most superhero teams rarely have more than one minority member, another black guy on the team means that one of them will inevitably die. Averted in the X-Statix series that followed, which has an additional black member (Venus), plus a Latino member (El Guapo), and two gay members (Vivisector and Phat). In the 2005 Marvel comic Wha...Huh?, one of the stories reimagines Black Panther as a white man from South America, who is upset when he learns that The Avengers just want a token black superhero in their team and thought he was misrepresenting his race (also, Black Widow is just there to fill the "woman quota".) Though Runaways had a more diverse cast than most other mainstream comics, the team has only ever had two black members, neither of whom stayed until the end of the series, and one of whom was actually a Skrull. Superman comics Ron Troupe started as the only black recurring staff member working at The Daily Planet. Jem and the Holograms: Jetta, the token British character. She was the only non-American until The Stingers showed up. Jetta's also the only non-white member of her band, but this is downplayed as the series has a diverse cast. Blaze is the only confirmed transgender character thus far. Fan Works The "black guy in the corner" from Sherlock Season 4. The author even explicitly states that he added him so his story wouldn't be racist. In the early days of the My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom, Twilight was often portrayed the only POC in Ponyville when the cast was "humanized" in fan works, usually as black or Indian. Nowadays, more diverse interpretations are becoming more popular in the fandom, such as Middle Eastern Fluttershy and Rarity, Black or biracial Pinke Pie, Applejack and/or Rarity being trans mares, varying sexualities amongst the Mane Six, and Rainbow Dash being a black or latino lesbian showing up sometimes. Film Parodied by Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle with posters advertising the first movie as starring "That Asian guy from American Pie" and "That Indian guy from Van Wilder". In terms of film, equally well parodied/referenced by the "Token Black Guy" in Not Another Teen Movie. Named Malik Token, the Genre Savvy token helpfully explains the joke to the audience by introducing himself as the person that stays out of conversations and says "Damn!", "Shit!", and "That is whack!" At a party later in the film, he sees another black guy, played by Sean Patrick Thomas, Token Minority from Cruel Intentions, and tells him that he was at the party first and the other man apologizes and leaves the party. Malik's Crowning Moment of Awesome was when he got to say, "Damn, that shit is whack!" There's also the musical number: "I'm only in this song because I'm a black guy" Star Wars After Episode IV became a blockbuster, numerous people noticed that an entire galaxy of humans were all white. (Which was not entirely true; it was just that the main characters were all white.) Episode V introduced Billy Dee Williams as Lando Calrissian, the Token Minority Black. Samuel L. Jackson in the prequels may also be a example of this, as his character serves as little more than a background character until Revenge of the Sith (excluding his excellent use in the Clone Wars shorts). Casting Temuera Morrison, who is a Mori, as Jango Fett and by retroactive consequence, his clone Boba Fett and every single clonetrooper reduces all other characters in the series (black, white or green) to token minorities by sheer weight of numbers. The initial casting announcement for the first episode of the third trilogy included another black actor, but not Billy Dee Williams. Meaning, as of this writing there are now three black guys in the Galaxy Far, Far Away, but in accordance with this trope, only one is allowed to be alive at any one time. Since then, they've also added Lupita Nyong'o to the cast of Episode VII (but she voices an orange-skinned alien, so the actress's race is not visible). While the 2006 historical film Flyboys was already heavily criticized for its historical inaccuracies relating to its World War I setting, one of the more amusing ones came from the film's fictional Token Minority, Eugene Skinner, a black boxer who joined the squadron to 'pay back' his adopted homeland. Mainly because the end of the movie showed a picture of the real-life squadron which was composed of exactly zero minorities. A rare moment where a film actually seems proud to reveal when it didn't do its research. The Other Wiki's entry on the film points out that the film confuses the Lafayette Escadrille with the Lafayette Flying Corps with whom Eugene Bullard (the real person Skinner was based on) actually flew. Harvey Weinstein loved using this trope for his productions back in the late 1990's and early 2000's. Starting with Scream 2, nearly all of his teen-aimed productions had at least one token black character (often played by a rapper) solely to bump up the box office. He seemed to stop this after Shall We Dance?, which had an Advertised Extra in the form of Ja Rule (who appeared in one concert scene and had no purpose to the plot). Mercutio is a black Drag Queen in the Baz Luhrmann film of Romeo & Juliet. Also a case of Black Dude Dies First. Rochelle in The Craft, the only black girl of the four member witches' Coven, not that it make her more sympathetic than the rest at the end though. Both versions of Stephen King's It, the Made-for-TV Movie It (1990) and the theatrical It (2017) have the character of Mike, the only African-American kid of the Losers' Club, who is also in the novel. Literature The Animorphs series was actually pretty groundbreaking in its handling of minorities. In the '90's, it was extremely unusual for a middle-grade novel to have a minority protagonist at all, let alone four of them. (Rachel and Jake were Jewish, Cassie was black, and Marco was hispanic). It also got away with discussing prejudice a few times, a biracial relationship (and it was even acknowledged a couple times), and a little racism portrayed when the ultimate message wasn't about the evils or racism (specifically, the society at the beginning of the third Megamorphs, and the racist guy Cassie meets when she travels through time). They even acknowledged the existence of gay people, which was almost never done. Oh, and there were two female protagonists, and they weren't treated any differently than the males in terms of their ability to kick ass, making the series one of the first middle-grade series to have a cross-gender appeal. All in all, it was one of the most inclusive series of its day. And in later books, K. A. Applegate proved even more that she was dedicated to diversity without stereotypes. One of those later books was the Remnants series, which had several black, Hispanic, and Asian characters, a character who had a messed up face because it was burned in a fire (2Face), and Noyze, who grew up deaf. They even tried to put a lesbian in this kids series from 2001, but sadly, it didn't quite work as planned. Invoked in a short story "Papanin's Mauser" by Michael Veller. It depicts a drift-ice research unit of four people. Three of them are Russians and Communists and the last one is a nonpartisan German. According to the Soviet laws three Communists is enough to constitute a Party cell, so every day they have to conduct a Party meeting, for members only. During these meetings the German has to leave the "meeting room", that is the tent where they all live and spend time tramping around it in the bone-chilling cold. Eventually he applies for membership in the Party to end this nightmare but is rejected on the following ground: as he is he symbolizes the international nature of the Soviet people and the unbreakable ties between partisans and nonpartisans. Jessi (black), Claudia (Asian), and Abby (Jewish) in The Baby-Sitters Club. Lheorvine is the only black man in Black Legion, and one of precious few in Warhammer 40,000. Before Matt Ward retconned their dark skin into a "mutation" the Salamanders space marines, and the people of their homeworld, Nocturne, were an entire planet of token blacks. Post-Ward, it's assumed that the denizens of Nocturne are white, but "turn black" when they become Salamanders. In How to Build a Skydeck, fish-out-of-water protagonist Stan realizes that all his co-workers avoid him for being a Token Minority. Specifically, being the only white guy on the construction crew. Lord Wulfston in The Savage Empire books by Jean Lorrah is the only black person we see in the first five books or so. On the other hand, nobody makes a big deal about it; he just has a hard time being anonymous. Harry Potter's school Hogwarts has a few, including the very Irish Seamus Finnegan (although there may be others who are less obvious), the Indian Patil twins, the Jewish Anthony Goldstein, the Chinese Cho Chang, and the black Dean Thomas, Lee Jordan, Angelina Johnson, and Blaise Zabini. To Mrs. Rowling's credit, no ado is made of any of these characters' ethnicities, nor are they ever described as such. In fact, Word of God has been needed to identify some of the black characters in the series. Sisterhood Series by Fern Michaels: Yoko Akia is the Token Asian, and Alexis Thorne is the Token Black of the Sisterhood or the Vigilantes. The other women are white. The two characters' nationalities definitely play a role in the series. Oddly, Alexis reveals in her thoughts that she knows that she was framed for crimes she did not commit because she was a poor black woman, but in the book starring her called Lethal Justice, that was not brought up at all! Gone has a very large and very diverse cast, with multiple black, Asian, Latin, and gay characters, and even one character with severe autism. The Mortal Instruments: Simon is Jewish, Maia is biracial, and Magnus is part Asian. The House of Night: Kramisha is the only black Red Fledgling. She is portrayed as a Soul Sister who speaks mostly in jive. Shaunee, the only black member of the "nerd heard" (and the only black lead for the first several books) and who we're constantly reminded is black. In the book "Come a Stranger" by Cynthia Voigt, the main character gets to be the only black girl at an exclusive summer camp. After the camp gives her a lame reason for kicking her out, she gets asked "How does it feel to be an ex-token minority?" Both Jem Carstairs and Magnus Bane from The Infernal Devices are part Asian. Radar from Paper Towns; he even lampshades this by referring to himself as the "token black friend" of the group. Mike in Stephen King It (see the film version). Live Action TV Teen Wolf seems to maintain a slot for a recurring gay extra (Danny in seasons 1-3, Mason in season 4). These characters are usually only in about half the episodes in any given season, onscreen for less than two minutes if they do appear and may not have any actual dialogue. They occupy the roles of best friends of secondary characters. If they have dialogue, it almost invariably contains some reminder that they are gay. The tokenism appeared to be broken in Season 3 with the introduction of gay werewolf Ethan. But he also occupied a minor role, did not always have lines and was only present for the one season. 30 Rock Lampshaded when, to call attention during a GE exclusive lunch, Jack calls out, "Gentlemen... token ladies." The character Toofer is named for the Twofer Token Minority trope. In a transparent attempt to say "we had a gay regular on the show," Law & Order had Serena Southerlyn come out as lesbian to the audience in the last minute of her final episode. Worth noting that actress attended the same school of Mona Lisa Smile as listed above. Law & Order: Special Victims Unit lampshades it when Detective Fin replaces Detective Jeffries (both are black). The show also averted it in later seasons with the addition of M.E. Warner and Dr. Huang to the regular cast. As of Season 15 this trope is entirely averted, as of the five members of the main cast two are Latino and one is black. Rajesh "Raj" Koothrappali of The Big Bang Theory was born and raised in New Delhi, a reference to his actor, Kunal Nayyar, having spent most of his life growing up in the city. Averted in Grey's Anatomy, in which almost half the regular cast is non-white. The production team is, however, very aware and tellingly proud of the fact. The GA staff used racial-blind casting, when you start auditions without picking the ethnic background of the characters. However as the show continued and a load of new cast members were added, the majority of them were white. Brooklyn Nine-Nine averts this trope. Of the seven members of the main cast, three are female, two are Latina, two are African-American, and one is Jewish. Captain Holt, is both African-American and gay, though neither he nor his partner fall easily into stereotypes. Argentine-born actress Stephanie Beatriz said that when she and Cuban-American Melissa Fumero realized they were both members of the main cast, they were sure there had been a mistake and that one of them was going to get fired Subverted on The Red Green Show, with the character of Edgar K.B. Montrose, played by First Nations actor Graham Greene. Greene himself approached producer Steve Smith, asking to be on the show after enjoying it on TV. The role they gave him was essentially colour-blind - that of an explosives "enthusiast" who can't really call himself an expert, since experts have the proper license and permits, and more training in handling dynamite than just watching a lot of Road Runner cartoons. Edgar was Too Dumb to Live, but that also described everybody else on the show. The only reference to Greene's ethnicity in his time on the show was a humorous Shout-Out in his first appearance, when Edgar commented about the film Dances with Wolves, and stated that the "Native guy" (Greene himself), should have gotten the Oscar. Similarly, the only non-white main character on Corner Gas is Davis Quinton, the Sergeant of Dog River's two-member police force. He (and the actor who plays him, Lorne Cardinal) is a member of the Cree Nation, hardly a rarity in Rural Saskatchewan. However, this is incidental to his character; it's only brought up once, at the end of the first season, when Karen suggests going to a ticket scalper and he acts offended. Also, both bartenders (Phil and Paul) appear Cree. One of them speaks some Cree, enough to know the original name of Dog River. Referenced in Star Trek: Voyager (itself a very racially diverse show) where Janeway and Chakotay discuss the issues involved in a ship crewed by both Federation members and Maquis separatists. Janeway notes that by making the Maquis Chakotay her second in command she hopes she has already shown that she can be tolerant of them, and Chakotay responds, "I have no intention of being your token Maquis." Back in the original series, the creators had to fight Executive Meddling to get two Token Minorities, Sulu and Uhura, on the bridge, and some nonwhites among the extras. The original pilot pushed further with a female second in command, and Spock was considered to be radical at the time as an Alien, especially with the original plans being for Spock to have either green or red skin. Also notable that both lead characters of Spock and Kirk were played by Jews. Then there's the gutsy move of creating a Russian main character at the height of the Cold War. Deep Space Nine, with a somewhat varied cast itself, has an odd class example. Miles O'Brien is heavily played up as a Closer to Earth blue-collar NCO in a staff of implicitly elite Officer and a Gentleman types, complete with a labour-movement martyr in his ancestry. (Granted, one can call Captain Sisko upwardly-mobile, as the son of a restaurateur, but this was revealed much later and never emphasised). Though the Federation is supposed to be truly egalitarian, classless meritocracy, so the whole issue is a little murky. Star Trek: The Next Generation of course had Worf as an in-universe example, the only Klingon in all of Starfleet, having been adopted by humans in his youth. Quite a bit of Character Development resulted from his dealings with born-and-raised Klingons who variously failed to live up to his idealized image of Klingon honor or disapproved of his choice to stay with the humans instead of returning to his people (where his family was disgraced anyways). Another in-universe example would be Data as the only Android of the Starfleet (and one of the very few Androids of the whole universe). In The Class Kyle's boyfriend Aaron is introduced as a secondary character to counteract the Monochrome Casting. Averted in the original Battlestar Galactica, especially in the episode "Fire In Space" which was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for Boomer and Tigh's extensive roles. Pete Ross from Smallville is an especially funny example, as his comic book counterpart is white. Both radio experts on Hogan's Heroes were token black characters. Given that they were all prisoners and obviously not all from the same unit, WWII segregation wasn't really an issue. Sgt. Kinchloe (played by Ivan Dixon) was more than the radio expert - he was second-in-command. He also had at least three episodes showcasing him. And his role was prominent enough that the practice of cutting out the black characters for the "Southern Version" (practiced up to the late 1960's) wasn't usually possible. Sgt. Baker (played by Kenneth Washington) was a better fit when he took Kinchloe's place, having previously been the one black guy in the mob of line-less background prisoners. It is still notable that most of Kinchloe's spotlight episodes were the only ones to feature a black Girl of the Week (an African princess and an old high school girlfriend respectively). Saturday Night Live has been guilty of this at multiple points in its run. Garrett Morris in the 70s. Eddie Murphy in the early 80s. While certainly nobody would question Murphy's right to be there, the fact remained that the show felt no obligation to have another black in the cast as long as Murphy was there. (In fact, Robert Townsend, who was originally hired to be the token black guy, was let go once Murphy showed up.) In the early 90s, the show for a change had multiple blacks in the cast. However, when SNL turned over most of its cast in 1995, they kept Tim Meadows on primarily to avoid giving the impression that the show was trying to rid itself of all its black performers. For the past few years it's been just Kenan Thompson. Season 35 introduces Jay Pharoah alongside Kenan. As a matter of fact, he's beginning to take some precedence over Kenan, especially to play the skinnier, more handsome African-American celebrities such as Denzel Washington. But it helps that his impressions are spot-on for nearly anyone. However there's also the non-black but non-white characters, like Nasim Pedrad, who is Iranian (notwithstanding the controversy over whether Iranians should be lumped in with Arabs and other Semitic peoples, or whether they are "dark whites"), or Fred Armisen who is part German, Japanese and Venezuelan. He is both the second Asian and second Hispanic cast member of SNL. The first Hispanic cast member was Horatio Sanz, a white Hispanic from the looks of him. He was often cast as Italian characters. In late 2013, SNL received a lot of criticism for their relative lack of black female cast members throughout their almost 40 year history. They held a casting call and ended up casting Sasheer Zamata, who is only the fifth black female cast member in the history of the show and the only one on the show since Maya Rudolph's departure in 2007. Benson from Soap (made in the 70s, mind) was the only black character in the show for the first three seasons and he was the butler. He was never used to put across any racial message and if anything he was the Only Sane Man in the entire show. When Benson got replaced in season three, there was Saunders the Expy, also black. In season three only there was Polly Dawson, a black woman who dates Danny who was there to try and push a racial message around. They do get some racial attacks and eventually Danny gets paranoid about everybody staring at the two of them in public. MADtv was guilty of this with Bobby Lee, the only Asian on the show. He even played a stereotypically Asian recurring character. Ricky and later Junito (Latino) of Noah's Arc, which has a predominantly African-American cast. In fact, they are the only non-African-Americans of the cast. A sketch on Dead Ringers lampshaded this with the Schwarzenegger film Shooting Lots and Lots of Bad Guys with my Very Big Gun- Arnie shouts "Noooooo! Token Black Buddy!" after his sidekick is killed by Token British Bad Guy. Dreama (black) in Sabrina the Teenage Witch. Buffy the Vampire Slayer Both subverted and played straight. Instead of bringing a token gay character onto the show, the writers had one of the three central characters turn out to be a lesbian. On the other hand, it wasn't until the seventh season that there was an important character who was black, and when he did show up he was the token black guy. Season 3 had the Genre Savvy (and sadly under-used) villain Mr. Trick, a modern black vampire who commented on the fact that there were very few people of color in Sunnydale. There were also a few other black characters, like Absalom and Olivia, as well as Rona in season seven. Before coming out as Lesbian, Willow was already the Token Jewish Girl. Of course after her outing she became Twofer Token Minority. The U.S. black music program Soul Train had some token white dancers in the audience. The character of Charlie Young was added to The West Wing just because the NAACP was criticizing the show for not having a Token Minority. Charlie's "token minority" status is particularly interesting in this case, as the only two of the shows main characters are white and Protestant (and that is if one guesses on Sam, whose religion is not mentioned but can be presumed not to be Catholic or Jewish). Two of the main characters are Jewish, four are Catholic, making the show's main cast far more diverse than the actual US population, even without Charlie in the mix. Star Trek: Enterprise, unlike the previous shows (which were such aversions of Humans Are White they were often accused of being Five Token Bands by some), has a black guy, a Asian woman, and everyone else is white. And also note that, in order to make it obvious to the audience he was only on the show so they could say they had a Token Minority, the black guy was a glorified extra... Subverted on ''Sue Thomas F. B. Eye" where the main character is a deaf female FBI agent. Scrubs had the great feature of JD and Turk's College Brochure. Turk is photoshopped in twice to make it appear more diverse. Lampshaded in the episode My Long Goodbye when Turk struggles to think of other black members of staff. He gets himself and Nurse Roberts (whom he is speaking to), Snoop Dog Attending, and Leonard the Security Guard... Turk:This is a white-ass hospital. He then adds that if this were a horror movie, he'd be getting nervous. Venus Flytrap on WKRP in Cincinnati, although the show made a strong effort to depict him as a well-rounded individual. Parodied in an episode of The Real Husbands of Hollywood where George Lopez guest-stars as himself, with his introduction caption stating "Helping attract Latino audience." On House, Omar Epps was the only series regular of color for three seasons, until House hired three new underlings, at which point Kal Penn became the token South Asian guy. Having said that, Wilson, Cuddy and Taub are all Jewish to varying degrees of obviousness. And Thirteen is bisexual, and House is an atheist. And his atheism is portrayed... well, not negatively, at any rate. They do okay. Robin Hood has David Harewood as a black Friar Tuck in 12th century England. Van-Pires had Snap, who is really blatantly this (just look at that nickname!) Bonnie Bennett in The Vampire Diaries TV show. She has her own storyline for a bit, but it turns out to exist only to facilitate the (white, male) lead vampire's storyline. She was white in the books - but they completely erased the existence another extremely prominent female character who was Latina and definitely minimized Bonnie's personality and agency. Joss Whedon's Firefly Zoe, the second in command on board Serenity, is both black and a female in a position of authority. And she's badass! Shepherd Book is black, old, religious and badass! There are, however, no Chinese people. The villain from the Big Damn Movie, a Wicked Cultured black Well-Intentioned Extremist with a katana who avoids every Scary Black Man trope apart from being both black and fucking terrifying. Showtime's Dexter manages to avert this. In adapting from the book, the producers were given the liberty to change the ethnicity of any character based on the actors they wanted to hire. Instead, they hired a genuinely racially diverse cast and nobody got a Race Lift. However, the issue of tokenism is addressed; LaGuerta got her position based on her ability to spin things to her advantage and her Twofer Token Minority status (black Hispanic woman), and when she pisses off her boss, he very carefully replaces her with a second twofer-token (a black, Haitian woman) who got her rank as an officer the hard way. Captain Matthews: (referring to LaGuerta's replacement) Turns out she's an actual hero. Khaleel "Kenny" Al-Bahir is the Token Middle Eastern in The War at Home. Also token gay. In Flashpoint, we have Lewis Young, Winnie the dispatcher and after Lewis's death Leah Kerns as the Token Minorities. Spin City had Carter Heywood, a Twofer Token Minority who averted both Positive Discrimination and plain old discrimination by being a well-rounded character. Michael Boatman was the only regular black cast member. Lost, despite having a huge cast from a diverse range of backgrounds, only ever had one gay character, Tom Friendly. And his sexuality wasn't even confirmed until after he'd been killed off. Some Disney Channel shows include a rich, intelligent, yet conniving and selfish Latino as a token minority character. Some examples: That's So Raven, The Proud Family and Hannah Montana. Earth 2 had a token black character who was a violent criminal whose "reform" consisted of a chip in his brain when the chip malfunctioned, he tries to kill everybody. Carrusel has a few. Cirilo is Black. David is Ashkenazi Jewish. Kokimoto is Japanese. Bibi is North American of English Ancestry. Jim Carrey launched his career being the only white guy (most of the time) on the predominantly black In Living Color!. Modern Family has Gloria and her son Manny, who fit Hispanic stereotypes perfectly. They are also used as an excuse to use Hispanic jokes shamelessly. There are also two gay men who are raising an adopted Vietnamese child. Boy Meets World had two separate token blacks a different points: Eli Williams in season 3 and Angela in seasons 5-7. Angela lampshades this a few times: "Gosh I got to get some black friends." Transparently present every single time a British channel is presenting Association Football. The usual line up is "old white managernoteCoach, for American audiences.", "middle-aged white recently retired ex midfielder/defender/goalie", "just-retired black forward/midfielder". Sometimes they even try to claim "Scottish" as equivalent to "black." Infrequently but annoyingly, the channel ends up with someone from Francophone Africa whose grasp of the English language simply isn't up to the job, making the tokenism at play especially obvious (and presumably depriving Francophone viewers of the much better standard of commentary he could offer in his native tongue). The modern Charlie's Angels revamp adds a black Angel in order to appeal to modern audiences. Stockinger, the spinoff of the Austrian show Inspector Rex, has Antonella Simoni, a cheerful Italian-Austrian cop and the first female cop to appear in the Inspector Rex franchise. A few Australian cop shows have had a single token Polynesian cop - Water Rats, Rush, and East West 101 are good examples, although East West 101 had a Muslim Arab-Australian cop as the main character, so in that case 'token' would be stretching it. Regardless, whether this represents a trend in the Real Life Aussie police force, or just actor availability, is unknown. All 3 CSI series had one black character each. CSI had Warrick first and then Ray Langston, though with his departure, there aren't any. CSI NY had Sheldon Hawkes. CSI: Miami had Alexx (season 1-6), Tara (season 7), and Walter (season 8-10). There are quite a few black characters on Supernatural, but somehow none of them come even as close to being core cast as the women. In fact, the only one who managed to be seriously recurring was the psychotic Vampire Hunter who eventually became a vampire. His Scary Black Man traits were played with initially in that Dean thought he and his badass attitude toward decapitation was awesome, and then the guy turned out to be a hateful extremist who'd offed his own little sister after she was vamped, which pushed Dean's Berserk Button, and who didn't make any distinction between Friendly Neighborhood Vampires and the dangerous kind. The archangel Raphael, the one who never really does anything or gets much characterization, is the one linked to a bloodline of black people. He never even wears the same black person for more than a couple of appearances, because after he burns them out and dumps them they're in no condition to consent again. That poor family. Also, those poor actors. The guy who he wore in 'Free to be You and Me' was pretty impressively creepy. There was a married black couple of hunters, one of whom was British, who were rude and overconfident. The husband died in their first appearance, and the wife was not very useful and never came back. First-season psychic character Missouri Moseley could have been useful on a number of occasions since when they've been desperate for allies, including on a couple of occasions specifically a psychic, but has never even been referenced, even when they went back to her town, although it was too late for help by that point. In seasons two and three there were a few appearances by hard-assed Cowboy Cop Victor Hendriksen, the black FBI agent assigned to the Dean Winchester case. He had an Enemy Mine when the station in which he was holding the boys fell under demonic siege, and after they left he was killed. He reappeared as an angry ghost at the beginning of season four. There's also Bobby's old partner Rufus Turner, gruff old bastard with a taste for fine scotch. Minorities other than black generally don't even get token appearances, though there were some hot Asian fanservice girls, at least one with a small speaking part. The longest running non-white character is probably Kevin Tran, who showed up at the very end of season 7 and made sporadic appearances throughout seasons 8 and 9. His mother, Linda, also premiered around the same time, but has been in even fewer episodes than him. And as of the mid-season 9 finale, Kevin has been killed off. He showed up as a ghost a few episodes after that, and left with Linda. Neither have been back since. This is a show about two white guys, with the addition of up to two other white guys, where a supermajority of women with speaking roles are blondes. Everything but white males appear only as token, although a couple of white women have gotten to the level of supporting cast before dying. Or, in one case, being given Laser-Guided Amnesia so they wouldn't be traumatized by their kidnapping, or miss Dean after he left them for their own good. Initially played straight and later subverted in The Walking Dead with T-Dog, who is the only major character in the series not to have any sub-plots and little dialog. Extremely apparent in Season 2 episode "Judge, Jury, Executioner" in which the group deliberates whether or not to kill Randall, the episode focuses on the opinions of every member of the group except T-Dog whose one line of dialog is cut off by Dale. Also played straight in Season 3. T-Dog is killed off, shortly after they gain a new black cast member. The new black guy is then killed off later, just as Tyreese, another black guy, shows up. Later, Tyreese and his sister Sasha join the main cast, though Tyreese died in the episode after Beth. Add in Michonne at the start of Season 3, and she is easily one of the most prominent female characters on the show, being an undeniable badass with a sword. Additionally, both Michonne and Sasha are still alive and important to the show, as of the mid-season finale for Season 7. Angel had Charles Gunn as the only black guy, though Doyle and Lorne might count as token demons. In Chuck, it's lampshaded that Morgan only manages to keep his job at the Buy-More because of his Hispanic descent, fulfilling the ethnic